Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 7

Art - Essay Example The type of artistic expression that emanates from a certain society also revolves around expressing the culture and social life and ideas that are harbored by a group. Therefore, social and cultural values and ideas play an influential role in influencing the artistic expression of people (Boughton & Mason, 1999). The concept of civilization is as old as mankind, but it was not until the Greeks that civilization came to be realized. It is impossible to mention civilization without mentioning the Greeks. As ancient as Greeks are, they formed the basis of civilization through developing a culture that defied the odds at that time. The Greek idea of civilization had its roots on the philosophical thought and a developed culture that not only satisfied the people’s need to adapt to the environment but also created some time for expansion and spread of civilization. It is important to note that the Greek civilization did not sprout from politics but rather from the cultural values and ideas. It was these cultural values that have had a far reaching and lasting influence in the arts world, which is experienced to date. Religion was a major force that influenced the way people lived and expressed themselves through art. Greek religious elements are still observable in current religions like C hristianity, Islam and Buddhism. Greeks had a host of gods and goddesses, which influenced the type of art that existed during the time. However, religion also attracted another controversial aspect of Greeks’ cultural values and ideas. Philosophy among the Greeks was highly developed (Woodford, 1982). Greek philosophers like Socrates and Plato developed rational ideas about existence of gods and developed other forms of inquiry. Greeks also developed other forms of rationalistic thinking. Their thoughts are expressed in science and

Health Campaign Paper Essay Example for Free

Health Campaign Paper Essay The concept of the Philadelphia Department of Public Health was developed in 1732 when the Philadelphia Almshouse began to provide free hospital care to the poor. According to the City of Philadelphia (2010), the Department of Public Health protects health and promotes healthy lifestyles for all Philadelphians. The Department of Public Health â€Å"provides services, set policies, and enforce laws that support the dignity of every man, woman, and child in Philadelphia† (City of Philadelphia, 2010). There are thirteen divisions of the department that are responsible for providing patient services related to those divisions. Each of the division has a primary focus to use to remain on task to achieve the goals of the division. Core Functions According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2011), there are three core functions relating to public health. The three core functions are assessment, policy development, and assurance. Each core function has related essential services that are necessary for each function to be completed. One of the divisions of the Philadelphia Department of Public Health is Disease Control. There are seven services of Disease Control which include acute communicable disease control, bioterrorism and public health preparedness, epidemiology, immunization, sexually transmitted disease control, tuberculosis control, and data and reports. Each of these services work together to assess the spread of disease (including the amount and types of diseases spread), researches ways to control disease processes, develops and implements public health plans to control the spread of disease, and provides information based on the recorded observations to both the health care and public populat ions. Reassurance is provided to the population by relaying information via media, health bulletin, and public service announcements regarding disease processes, control, and prevention. There are eight health centers operated by the Philadelphia Department of Public Health that provide care to neighborhood patient populations. These centers accept insurance, Medicare, Medicaid, and uninsured patient population. Basic outpatient and acute care services, medical management, checkups, women’s health, counseling, lab work, and social work support are all provided by the centers. This additional care allows the burden of care to be shared in the community and not just at the local hospital. When patients register for appointments they have the option to see the same physicians to provide continuity of care for each visit. There are also many federally funded clinics in operation according to the City of Philadelphia (2010). The clinics also work with the local health centers and hospital to provide care to the area residents. Influencing Hospital Setting Public health has directly affected the many things in the hospital setting since its development. The control of infectious diseases is a direct response to the development of public health initiatives. According to the Association of Schools of Public Health (2012), education for both health care workers and general population to increase sanitation has significantly increased reduction of the spread of infectious diseases. Today assessing and monitoring hand washing technique is frequently done hospital wide to prevent spread of infection. Education is provided continually for patients and health care providers as well as reporting of hand washing monitoring statistics related to facility hand washing reports. Continual reassurances of the benefits of hand washing are shared in staff meetings, facility conferences, and performance reviews by administration and management. Risk factor modification for blood pressure control has proven beneficial in decreasing coronary artery disease and stroke mortality rates reports the Association of Schools of Public Health (2012). Public awareness of genetic factors has been promoted via public service announcements, blood pressure/diabetes screenings, and hospital awareness newsletters. Hospitals have incorporated coronary artery disease and stroke awareness into programs to reduce stroke and myocardial infarction mortality rates. Many facilities have added to the awareness by adding public health fairs to promote risk factor awareness, disease prevention, and health promotion. Role of Public Health Workers â€Å"Public health professionals try to prevent problems from happening or re-occurring through implementing educational programs, developing policies, administering services, regulating health systems and some health professions, and conducting research, in contrast to clinical professionals, such as doctors and nurses, who focus primarily on treating individuals after they become sick or injured† (Association of Schools of Public Health ,2012). Public health workers can be anyone from a physician to the sanitation worker. Public health workers are responsible for the duties they were trained for professionally as well as collecting data, discovering resources, provides, emotional support, plans for preparedness for disasters, provides education, and provides organization to work toward positive outcomes using the information gathered and plans developed. Researchers, for example, gather the information and collect surveys to assess the public’s health care needs. The information is used to determine the changes that need to be made as well as the public education that has to be provided. Social needs are also addressed by social workers and counselors to provide support and reassurance. Providig reassurance allows many to feel that their questions and concerns will be addressed. Follow up surveys may also be used to assess the education process and obtain long term feedback from the population addressed. Conclusion Public health is a demanding but fulfilling job for many individuals who work together for the good of society. Continually assessing the needs of the communities allows disease processes to be defined and investigated appropriately to gauge its danger to the surrounding population. Researching and developing plans for controlling the disease process allows educational pieces to be developed to relay to the population to provide reassurance of a possible solution or changes that must be made to avoid the disease process all together. The Philadelphia Department of Public Health has a large population to provide services to. The Divisions assist by breaking down services into manageable parts to be assessed and developed individually. Working together with local hospitals and clinics provides continuity of care between services while receiving education to better the city for future residents. References Association of Schools of Public Health. (2012). The 20th century’s ten great public health achievements in the United States. Retrieved from http://www.whatispublichealth.org/impact/achievements.html Centers for Disease control and Prevention. (2011, May 25). Core functions of public health and how they relate to the ten essential services. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/ephli/core_ess.htm City of Philadelphia. (2010). Public health city of Philadelphia life liberty and you. Retrieved from http://www.phila.gov/health/AboutDPH.html

Impact of Capital Structure on Profitability

Impact of Capital Structure on Profitability Introduction A capital structure concerns the composition of the liability of a company or, more specifically, which is the relative participation of the several financing sources in the composition of the total obligations (Brealey and Myers, 1992; Gitman, 1997 and Weston Brigham, 2000). Capital structure decision is very vital for any organization; every organization wants a mix or arrangements that eventually achieves or increases its profitability and overall value. Different alternatives available to companies to finance its self sometimes through issuing shares securities, or some time from debt, organizations achieve different combinations huge or small amount of debt. An organization takes the combinations, which increase their efficiency and profitability and its market value. These types of decisions are very difficult in an uncertain economy. Such as; In Pakistani scenario existence of the macro environment factors such as lofty interest rates in double figures and volatility in economy and in political situations are big factors for the combination of capital structure. Consequently, the financing decisions experienced a significant rise of costs, in addition the diminution of the economic activity, which also raise the uncertainty. However, many theories and practical approaches contributed on capital structure, which ultimately give abundant literature: Target Capital Struture For the establishment of a target capital structure, the firm should analyze certain factors such as; mix of debt, preferred stock and common equity. The specific capital structure may be changed accordingly to conditions. The change in capital structure occurs due to the debt ratio. If the debt ratio is below the target level, the debt should be issued to raise the capital. If the conditions are in reverse, visa versa; the debt ratio is above the target the expansion capital should be raised by issuing equity. The firm, in its structure policy, involves a balance between risk and return in order to achieve the best combination to maximize the firms value. There are four primary factors, which influence capital structure decisions, they are: Business risk The firms tax position Financial flexibility Managerial conservatism or aggressiveness The above four factors largely determine the target capital structure. If no debt is used in the firms operations, it is at greater business risk while its favourable debt ratio is lower. If the firm uses the debt, the interest is deducted and the effective cost of the debt is lowered that is the major reason for using debt in the firms capital structure policy. If the firms income is sheltered from certain taxes such as; depreciation tax shields, interest on currently outstanding debt, tax loss carry-forwards. In such conditions, the firms tax rate will be low and in that condition additional debt will not be as advantageous as with a higher effective tax rate. If the conditions are adverse the firm should raise the capital on reasonable terms as steady supply of the capital is necessary for long run success it is in the knowledge of treasurer that at the time of tight economy or operating difficulties the suppliers of capital provide the funds with strong financial statements. It has, therefore observed that need for funds and the results of the fund shorted influence the capital structure. Hence, if the future need for capital is greater the consequences of capital shorted become worse. Therefore the financial statements should be stronger. The managerial conservatism or aggressiveness also influences the capital structure, managers of different firms possess different nature and observations or approaches some are aggressive than others and some are inclined to use the debt to get more profits. Though this factor is in effective to the favorable is value maximizing capital structure, yet it has great influence on the managerial target capital structure. On the whole the target capital structure is much influenced by the above four factors, due to which operational conditions can cause the actual capital structure to vary from the target capital structure. Optimal Capital Struture Most favorable capital is a capital which maximizes the worth of the companys stock it is also with a minimum weighted-average cost of capital generally known WACC. It does not necessary increases or maximizes earnings per share (EPS). Maximum earning per share (EPS) is not always achieved by attainment of the greater stock prices. With higher debt ratio may result in maximum earning per share (EPS), but may also increases firms risk level. Some debt employed by in optimal capital structure, but does not hundred percent (100%) debt employed. Some firms try to achieve different combinations of optimal capital structure; but they could not achieve this optimal capital structure or optimal point. There are many ways of the estimation of required rate of return on equity capital (RROE); through accumulating companys long-term cost of debt. Theories Of Capital Structure It has been observed that the capital structure of different industries vary form each other it is due to different reasons. If we observe two different companies from two different companies such as; pharmaceutical companies and airline companies the capital structure of the both companies quite different from each other. The reasons of the different capital structure of the different firms and industries are given in the theories, which are subjected to empirical tests. Modern capital structure theories are based on the published articles of professors Fransco Modigliani and Marton Miller (1958), generally known as (MM). According to MM the firms value is not affected by its capital structure and they further contributed were that the capital structure is irrelevant to a firms operations hence; MM has presented some unrealistic assumptions such: There are no brokerage costs There are no taxes There are no bankruptcy costs Investors can borrow at the same rate as corporations All the investors have the same information as management about the firms future investment opportunities EBIT in not affected by the use of debt Though some of the above assumptions are quite unrealistic yet; they are important as they indicate the conditions under which capital structure is irrelevant. MM have not only given unrealistic assumptions but they have also provided different clues, which show the required relevant capital structure and also affect a firms value. Thus MM assumptions gave the way to modern capital structure research and helped to develop more realistic theories of capital structure. The Trade-Off Theory The trade-off theory is very important theory; because it deals with the finance and equity. Which ultimately, elucidate how firms finance their venture for a time by equity and debt, theory also discuss the pros and cons of both ways. Companies best possible leverage change is inclined by firms adjustment toward an optimal leverage is inclined by three features such as: taxes, costs of financial distress and agency costs. Taxes And Bankruptcy Costs Tax rate and leverage are positively related; markup is a tax deductible, it reduces tax liability and enhances the after tax cash flows being a tax subtracts expense. Companies get on elevate point of debt if the tax charge is higher because Firms wants in their endeavor to enlarge cash flows and market value. Taxes Chance of defaulting enhances when the level of debt away from best possible point. When firm failure to pay loan than power of the firm will be transferred from shareholders to bondholders who will strive to recover their venture throughout the practice of bankruptcy. With financial distress company may incur two natures of bankruptcy costs. Direct and indirect costs direct cost comprise of administrative costs of bankruptcy practice. These costs will be lower proportion of the total cost when the firm size is large and vice versa with small size firm and may important variable in choosing the level of the debt. When investment policies of the company change which results in occurring of indirect costs. Firm can reduce the chance of bankruptcy with cutting down expenses on training, advertisement, research, and development etc. It also increases the customers reservations about companys offerings, which result in lower sales, market share, customer loyalty, and market share price et c. This entails that the prospective benefits from utilizing leverage are outlined by the latent costs of bankruptcy. Miller And Modigliani Theory Modigliani and Miller (1958) give you an idea about that the value of the firm does not change when any change occur in the capital structure. Firms build total cash flows for all investors are unchanged despite the consequences of capital structure. Altering the capital structure does not amend the total cash flows. Consequently the overall assets value provides ownership of these cash flows should not change. MM argue if worth of the firm depends on capital structure; which may be result in arbitrage opportunity in the perfect capital market. In addition, capital structure decision may be counteract when investors and firm can have access to at same rate. Despite the fact that MM theory is stands on numerous impractical assumptions, yet it presents the essentials theoretical background for further research. Agency Theory Jensen and Meckling (1976) discuss about the potential disagreement or relationship between companys executives and shareholders, according to theory managers do not have 100% interests in firm. Executives are the representatives of the shareholders and strive to assets away from bondholders to shareholders through captivating more loans and empowering in risky assets. Information Costs And Signaling Effects Capital structure can also be elucidate when disparity in information have available to stockholders and stranger regarding the investment opportunities and income allocation of the firm. This information parity may consequence in two separate results for capital structure, it is known as signaling with percentage of debt. Ross (1977) contributed that manager always familiar about the financial position of the company and its return allocation. When executives take debt decisions, it produce affirmative signal to stakeholders; about the financial position of the organizations and its ability to retire its debts and truthful allocation of return of the company. Managers always try to increase stakeholders or investors confidence, consequently with increasing equity value as result in also using significance amount in the capital structure. Pecking Order Theory Myers and Majluf (1984) state that shareholders always think executives employ confidential information when they offer risky securities and also overpriced. This observation guides under pricing of fresh equity offerings, this also may result in significance loss of present shareholders. For these reason organizations keep away from offering new projects through equity financing and use its internal funds if further financing is required they issue debt last option is equity financing. Factors Affect Capital Structure Decisions Capital structure decisions are very important for companies to make so there are certain factors which firms take in view when making capital structure decisions and they are: Sales stability: A firm takes this factor under consideration at the time of capital structure decisions. If compare two firms, one having stable sales and other having unstable sales, the firm whose sales is relatively stable can safely take on more debt and incur fixed charge in comparison to the company with unstable sales. For instance, the utilities companies use more financial leverage than industrial firms because they have stable sales Operating structure: This is another factor which is involved in making capital structure decisions. A firm having less operating leverage can imply financial leverage in better way as it will have less business risk. Assets structure: This factor may affect the capital structure decisions; there are two types of assets-general purpose assets and special purpose assets. The real state companies usually use general purpose assets as it makes good collateral. While the companies which are involves in technological research use special purpose assets, as they are not highly leveraged. Profitability: The factor of profitability also plays an important role in capital structure decisions; because the firms which get high rates of return on investment do not use high debt, but they use relatively little debt, as high rates of return on investment make them able to do financing with internally generated funds. Growth rate: This factor plays an important role in capital structure decision making. It has been observed that faster growing firms mostly rely on external capital as the flotation costs exceeds those incurred when selling debt this is the reason that rapidly growing firms rely more heavily on debt. It is also possible that the firms relying on external capital may often face greater uncertainty due to which those firms reduce their willingness to use debt. Control: there is great affect of control situation on capital structure decisions, because in such a situation when management has 50% voting control between the debt and equity. If the management is not in a position to buy or purchase any more stock, the other option for it is to use debt for new financing. But in the situation when the firms financial position is so week that the use of debt may be the cause of serious risk of default. In this situation the control considerations could lead to use either debt or equity. Taxes: As far as interest is concerned it is, no doubt a deductible expense which is much valuable to firms with high tax rates. It is therefore the firms use much debt because if firms tax rate is higher the advantage is also greater. Management attitudes: different management attitudes may bring different changes in capital structure decisions. Some managements are conservatives and others are aggressive these both managerial styles exercise accordingly to their own judgments and analytical approaches about the proper capital structure. If the management attitude is conservative it uses less debt, where is the management having aggressive approach uses more debt to get higher profits Lender and rating agency attitudes: A part from managers analysis of the factors lenders and rating agencies also plays an important role in financial structure decisions. The corporations give much importance to the lenders and rating agencies and make discussions with them about the capital structure and mostly act accordingly to their advice. Market conditions: Capital structure also depends on market conditions, a firms optimal capital structure or favorable capital structure depends on long-term and short-term changes. Low rated companies which are in need of capital either go for the stock market or to the short-term debt market without taking consideration of target capital structure. Financial flexibility: financial flexibility has also a bearing on capital structure decision. Affirm or company makes the decision according to its financial flexibility, if a company is financially good it can raise capital with either stock or bond. But; when its financial position is week the suppliers of capital make funds available, if that company gives them a secure position in shape of debt. Seeking all above thoughts in mind it can be said that the companies should maintain the financial flexibility or adequate reserve borrowing capacity because it depends on the factors which are necessary in making capital structure decisions. Firms internal conditions: this is also one of the factors which affect the capital structure decisions. If a firm succeeds in completing any project than the probability of higher returns increase in the near future. Due to such internal conditions a company would not issue stock because the new earnings are neither anticipated nor reflected in the stock prices. So in such condition the company or firm would give preference to finance with debt and till the higher earnings are materialized and or reflected in the stock prices. Statement Of The Problem Capital structure decision is very crucial and important for any organization in any sector or economy. It is always very much difficult for organizations to identify or gets the right combination of debt and equity (Capital Structure), which ultimately satisfies them or brings favorable and profitable results for the organizations. So; eventually this report mainly focusing on right combination of â€Å"Debt and Equity (Capital Structure) in the characteristic of Short-term Debt (SDA), Long-term Debt (LDA) and Total Debt (LA)† for any organization in Pakistan. In Pakistan modest research has done on such problem. It is important to work on such problem and come up with information, which gives some comfort level to investors and organizations to take correct financing decisions. Objective It is very important in Pakistani scenario to evaluate or investigate the impact or the influence of capital structure over the firm profitability. In this way the objective of this study is to investigate or evaluate the relationship among the rates of return of the listed non-financial firms on Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE-100) index related to composition of the capital structure. More exclusively, this is based on the assertion that whether short-term debt divided by total capital (SDA), long-term debt divided by total capital (LDA), and Total debt divided by total capital (TD) has positive or negative relationship with profitability. Research Scope/Limitations The scope of study to analyze impact of capital structure on profitability, also promotes as an aim for future research. Few limitations fixed up in this study: This research would just cramp to secondary data. The admittance would restrict to public information, all organizations would not share information that would confidential in nature. This study would not get into the details concerning factors that lead to capital structure or the reasons due to which capital structure comes in different combinations. Thesis Structure The report is systematized as follows. Phase one (1) introduction of the thesis, which includes the statement of problem, scope and limitations objectives hypothesis etc, this phase, also contains the some of the theoretical perspective regarding the capital structure. In phase 2 we describe Methodology that is constitutes the data and we justify the choice of the variables used in our analysis sample, technique and also estimate model used in analysis. In phase 3 we presents and analysis the results which taken after the data processing. The phase 4 contains the results and conclusions and recommendations. Literature Review Pakistan has not yet got much development in the bond market; therefore, many firms of Pakistan give preference to equity or internal financing in comparison to debt, but one day when this negative relationship between profitability and leverage of the firm will be removed, the Pakistani firms will realize the importance of debt financing, because it is the debt financing which increases the value of the firm and the wealth of the share holders (Ilyas. 2000). Study conducted (Rafiq, et al., 2008); it has been observed that the chemical sector of Pakistan gives preference to equity over debt and large firms borrow more debt because they have no fear of bankruptcy whereas small firms are afraid of more debt because of the fear of bankruptcy. In chemical sector huge cash flows are needed, therefore, the chemical industry of Pakistan uses more debt than equity to finance the new projects because the internal sources are not enough for a new firm, therefore, it depends on the debt because the fixed direct costs of bankruptcy constitutes a smaller portion of the total value the firm. The other reason for which most of Pakistani firms prefer to equity or internal financing over debt is that the bankruptcy process is slow an ineffective in Pakistan due to which firms face no or low bankruptcy costs. Study conducted (Hijazi and Tariq, 2006); study reveals that as for as the firm size is concerned, the Static Tradeoff Theory suggests that if the firm size is bigger, more debt will be used, but in Pakistan, the case is in reverse, here, the firm size is negatively correlated with leverage and the bigger firm size use less debt which supports the Pecking Order Approach and rejects the Static Tradeoff approach. After the deep observation of Asset structure, it has been concluded that asset structure of Pakistani firms does not depend on their capital structure. As the large firms of Pakistan have no fear of bankruptcy and have less chances to fall into financial distress or in other words, they are strong enough to bear shocks, so they employ more debt in comparison to smaller firms which have fear of bankruptcy because large firms face lower bankruptcy costs, therefore, there is, in large firms, strong relationship between profitability and leverage. The profitability, in large Paki stani firms, supports the Pecking Order Theory which is measured by net profit before taxes divided by total assets. Research conducted by Abor (2005) supports or investigates the relationship between the capital structure and profitability of listed firms on GSE. Data taken for this between 1998/02, twenty-five listed firms qualified for this study. Regression analysis methodology used in the assessment of functions involving the return on equity (ROE) with measure of capital structure. Capital structure is the combination of debt and equity used in the firms operations. Capital structure is related to the marketing, because different firms issue different securities in many different combinations, which maximize the market value. The impact of capital structure on profitability had been accounted in a considerable number of studies weather experimental or theoretical perspectives. Capital structure decision is very important for any organization to get higher return and profits and meet with the competition, different combinations of capital structure available to organizations; they select one w hich eventually satisfies or maximizes the firms market value. Huge return and profitable firms always use more short-term debt, short term is important part of total debt, and usually firms use 85% of short-term loan against long-term debt. Long-term debt and return on equity have negative relationship; total debt and return on equity are positively related. Coleman (2007) conducted study to find out the impact of debt policy on the performance of microfinance firms. Findings of the study demonstrate positive relationship between debt and firms performance. Long-term debt has positive relationship with outreach but not significant where as; short-term debt exercise force on management to extend a MFIs outreach. Long-term debt helps management through the time, so that the pressure of refund decreased which ultimately; give management flexibility to improve their profitability or returns by manipulating their operations. In microfinance organizations the leverage is positively related with outreach stage; when the leverage increase which also result in the increase of outreach level; credit advance leads to higher premium. This premium further converted into companys profitability and income flow which can also be employed to examine the debt. Higher outreach lowers the cost of operation by enabling firms to enjoy the economies of scale. Size is insignificant variable and outreach is negatively affected by it. Long-term debt and short-term debt are insignificant basically describe that maturity may not essentially be of spirit with default charge employee as performance variable though; total debt ratio determine significant relationship between leverage and default rates. Microfinance organizations which want to improve firms profitability and want to retire its debt obligations management can achieve these results by reducing the annual default rates especially for largely leverage microfinance organizations. Default rate has negative relationship with the size of microfinance organizations; for the reason that firms make sure refund of loans advanced and also become aware for future transactions this all happens when firms expands their sizes. There is negative relationship between debt and default rate, greater mean variation result in lower default rate. Though management of the firms try to reduce default rate s with the higher mean deviation found in risk level. So ultimate findings of the study reveals that microfinance institutions in Ghana finance their operations through the long-term debt as compare to short-term financing and they tend to be highly leveraged. Microfinance organizations benefit from scale of economies, additional customers when they are significantly leveraged; and also understand and increase ability to deal with risk and other alternatives easily and importantly. Study conducted by (Chen et al., 2009) in insurance industry Taiwan, to know the relationship among capital structure, operational risk, and profitability. Factor analysis and path analysis methodologies used to examine correlation among the capital structure, operational risk, and profitability sample of listed insurance companies in America was also taken. Result of research was firms values is not related with capital structure, a close relationship shown among operational risk, profitability, capital structure. Capital structure is negatively related with profitability if equity ratio increases or reserve-to-liability ratio decreases which result in higher profits. Capital structure has negative relationship with operational risk, same relationship between the operational risk and firms profitability. Research conducted by Carpentier (2006) Quebec Canada. Objective of study was to investigate the changes in capital structure do not affect the firm value. The bivariate tests and multivariate regression analysis methodologies are used for this study. Sample size of 243 French firms has taken for this study during the time period 1987-96. If all other things equal, then capital structure dont define any changes in the value of business organizations. Investors take debt in the considerations in order to determine the stock prices. Cross-sectional relationship found between the value of firm and debt exists, many factors affect firm value in long run the debt-value relationship. The static trade-off theory posits that the firm value increase (decrease) as the financial structure moves closer to (away from) the target. French companies tend to use a higher proportion of total debt and a higher proportion of institutional debt (non spontaneous funds) than US companies. Study was conducted by (Groth Anderson, 1997). Study explains capital structure and investigates its influence on the cost of capital and the value of company. This study sketches practical concerning the choices and management of capital structure. A theoretical and practical understanding of these relationships will support the professional manager in his or her efforts to gather added value for shareholders and stakeholders. Firms value and its stock prices does not affected by capital structure, optimal way to finance the firm exists. Capital structure theory is of value even if the arrays of assumptions in the theory do not hold. If an economic variable changes for example: interest rates, recessions, and the price of bearing risk affect the management decision of capital structure. Capital structure offer prospect of enhancing value for shareholders, it also time reduction in cost of capital to the economy and the standard of living. Research conducted by Rocca (2007) Italy, main purpose of this research to scrutinize the relationship between capital structure and firm value. Capital structure represents a corporate governance device that can protect corporate governance competence and protect its ability to create value. Methodology or approach used for this study is theoretical approach that can contribute in clearing up the relationship between capital structure and corporate governance. Descriptive, model also used which provides a research proposition and some suggestions, which would be used for future empirical research and precise design given for empirical analysis. Finding of this study is that, relation between capital structure and a firms value needs to take directly into account the role of moderation and/or mediation of the corporate governance. It is also necessary that presence of complimentary between capital structure and corporate governance variables such as: managerial ownership; ownership c oncentration; role of board of directors, etc. Study conducted (Ebaid, 2009) study mainly focus on relationship between the different debt-equity combinations with companys performance. Multiple regression technique used to find out the impact of debt policy on companys performance. Enormous studies conducted on debt policy alternative on firms performance; among them majority of researches conducted in developed countries; just few studies performed in emerging countries or economies one of them is Egypt. The research mainly focus on the relationship between alternative debt policy with firms firms performance data taken from listed Egyptian companies; performance is measured through accounting-based perspective such as: Return on Assets, Gross Profit Margin, and Return on Equity generally known as (ROA, GPM, and ROE), capital structure is measured with short-term debt and long-term dent and total debt abbreviation as (STD, LTD and TTD). Findings of the study reveal that both (STD and TTD) are negatively related by ROA. Alternat ively capital structure including total debt (TTD) in not significantly related with Return on Equity and Gross profit margin (ROE and ROA). Results of the study suggest that the performance of the Egyptian listed companies in not controlled (weak-to-no influence) by capital structure alternatives. Though; particularly in emerging markets debt policy remains debatable and mystery. Further research might observe determinants of Egyptian firms capital structure such as growth, business risk size and also evaluated with developed economies. The impact of capital structure on Egyptian firms value as well necessitates analyzing empirically. Findings of the study reveal that ROA and firm performance negatively related. It can also be investigated the impact of the maturity structure on its performance and capital structure decisions. Firms performance can jointly be by both ownership structure and capital structure in further studies in listed Egyptian firms. Study conducted (Eriotis et al, 2007) to investigate the firm characteristics that affect debt-equity combination. Data has been taken from 129 Greek listed firms at Athens Stock Exchange five (5) years time have taken under observation from 1997-2001, it is the 63% of listed companies in 1996. Through diverse theories companys characteristics are investigated as determinants of capital structure. The firms which employed debt ratio of 50% or more are also categorized in this research with a dummy variable. Results of the research reveal that firms debt ratio is negatively related with its growth rate and also its interest coverage ratio and quick r

Comparison & Contrast of Windows & Windows ME Essay -- essays research

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Comparison and Contrast Windows & Windows Me Pamela R Kerr NTC / 410 Richard Bohn June 22, 2005 Comparison and Contrast Windows & Windows Me   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This paper will identify comparison and contrast of Windows and Windows Me, which will include the program description, planning the scope and plan objectives, vocabulary definitions, project control, schedule of deliverables and resource requirements. When Windows first hit the market in 1985, it failed miserably. The over-priced, under-powered computers of the day busted a bearing over Windows ¡Ã‚ ¦ attempts at fancy graphics. Back then, Windows was not only slow. But, it also looked dorky and awkward with ugly colors. Windows has turned into a trendy best-seller installed on nearly every new computer. What are Windows and Windows Me? Windows is just another piece of software, like the zillions of others lining the store shelves. I feel Windows is not a program in the normal sense, but it is something that lets you write letters or lets your coworkers play Bozark the Destroyer over the office network after everybody else goes home. Rather, Windows controls the way you work with your computer. For years, computers have clung to a typewriter-style of work. Just as on a typewriter, people type letters and numbers into the computer. I have learned over the years that the computer listens and then places letters and numbers onto the screen and this time tested system works well. But, I also feel it takes a long time to learn and it is as boring as reading the ingredients on a jar of reduced fat peanut butter. The method is boring because computer engineers designed computers for other engineers many moons ago. They thought that computers would be forever isolated in narrow hallways where somber youngsters with crew-cuts, clipboards and white lab coats jotted down notes while the big reels whirled. Nobody expected normal people to use computers especially not in their offices, their dens, or even in their kitchens. „h Windows software dumps the typewriter analogy and updates the look of comput... ...rds, and game controllers, Microsoft now offers a small but, very focused line of routers and network adapters designed specifically for home networks. What ¡Ã‚ ¦s on the Web Site: Microsoft ¡Ã‚ ¦s massive online knowledge base contains answers to nearly every PC technical problem ever recorded. You ¡Ã‚ ¦ll also find a wealth of product information, software updates, downloadable manuals, and a few nice tutorials on Windows networking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  References Class notes and memorization from Database Management, NTC/360, NTC/410 & POS/420 (2004 & 2005). Rathbone, A. (2000). Microsoft Windows Me, Millennium Edition www.dummies.com. Safari Tech Books Online, (2005), search.safaribooksonline.com. Windows & .NET Magazine (March, 1999). On-line Sites: www.microsoft.com

Nazism vs. Fascism Essay

R.Q.: To what extent were the German and Italian regimes under Hitler and Mussolini Totalitarian? i. Why? With this research I want to discover whether Hitler and Mussolini transformed Germany and Italy, respectively into Totalitarian regimes. In my discretion this played a major role when looking at traditions, respectability of countries and reputations of countries. Such â€Å"emotions† can also trigger wars, as we so in WWII. Initially, I feel that Dictatorships having absolute power over a country can cause many inconveniences for the citizens of it. Hence, I want to understand their motives and ambitions. Also, I figure that this is a very important time period in which milestones and new dimensions have been opened. Thirdly, I decided on this topic because I am a German citizen, who is naturally interested in the background and history of ones father country. ii. What? I am going to use a series of books written in different time periods by different writers from different countries. This shows a certain scope of viewpoints, which makes the answer to this question more objective. I am also going to use the Internet as one research option of my internal assessment. iii. I planned my essay. This can be seen in the appendix, 1) Essay Plan. This plan shows how I am going to attempt to accomplish my Task i. Define Nazism a. Nazism is the body of political and economic doctrines held and put into effect by the National Socialist German Workers’ Party in the Third Reich including the totalitarian principle of government, state control of all industries, predominance of groups assumed to be racially superior, and supremacy of the Fà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½hrer1. ii. Define Fascism a. Fascism is a political philosophy, movement, or regime (as that of the Fascisti) that exalts nation and often race above the individual and that stands for a centralized autocratic government headed by a dictatorial leader, severe economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition2. iii. Define Totalitarian a. Totalitarian is defined as of or relating to centralized control by an autocratic leader or hierarchy. Of or relating to a political regime based on subordination of the individual to the state and strict control of all aspects of the life and productive capacity of the nation especially by coercive measures (as censorship and terrorism)3 iv. All these definitions above are essential in order to understand how totalitarianism is initially linked with Nazism and Fascism. These terms, Nazism Fascism and Totalitarianism have all got the subordination of the individual to the state and the control of mind etc. of the individual in common. The difference between them, however is that Totalitarian is purely a term describing a situation, a current state of something. Nazism and Fascism on the other hand, describe an ideology that developed over centuries and eventually ruled a country. When we are looking at these definitions, we discover, that both ideologies have a feature of totalitarianism innate. Therefore, initially we would say that they the states, Germany and Italy, both are totalitarian because the autocracy by which they are ruled is totalitarian. This must mean that the people believe in it because they elected this system of government, and hence the system must be totalitarian. This, however, is debatable. In the ongoing lines I will question the above statement by looking closer at the two ideologies and how they became elected. i. Discrimination of Minorities a. Germany i. Minorities, such as Jews, Blacks, Gypsies and women were discriminated widely. Anything not of Aryan derivation, was inferior. Women, for example, were expected to behave just like â€Å"K,K,K†-meaning Kinder, Kirche, Kà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½che. Translated, Children, Church, Kitchen. In other words, they were expected to have as many children as possible to expand the Aryan race, support the religion and cook well. Jews, of course, were treated the worst, i.e.: concentration camps. b. Italy i. Fascist Policy towards women was condescending. Women were not put equal to men. It was also anti-urban and anti-consumerist. There was birth control and additional taxes on unmarried. This, in a way, was similar to Nazi Germany, where there were incentives to bear as many children as possible. It aimed to promote the ‘superior’ race. Fascist policy was at the beginning not racially concerned. However, when relations with Germany improved, Mussolini adopted some anti-foreign steps. This aimed to give the people a feeling of superiority over other nations and should promote the will to fight for the cause of the nation. Employment conditions for female workers were restricted. They were excluded from several workplaces. ii. Church a. Germany i. Germany was almost entirely a Christian country. Hitler realised this and did not underestimate the power the church, as a single institution, could have on the peoples’ minds’. Therefore, he knew it would not be wise to attack the church during his campaigns. Hence, he made an agreement with the church, the Concordat, which granted the church religious freedom. This, however was only superficially. In reality, any member of the church speaking bad about Hitler or his party, NSDAP, was prosecuted or sent to a concentration camp. Even Church schools were influenced by Hitler; the bible was replaced by â€Å"Mein Kampf† and the cross by the swastika. b. Italy i. In Italy the church played a more important role than in Germany because of the Pope and the Vatican being situated in Italy. Hence, Mussolini tried, after 1922 when coming to power, to include the church as much as possible in the fascist state in order to stabilise and ensure power for his party, PNF. Catholicism was also seen as a possible threat to the emerging fascist state. Hence, a concordat was attempted to improve church-state relations. Catholicism was considered the religion of most Italians, which was so deeply rooted in Italian life that could directly endanger the position of the fascist might. iii. Education a. Germany i. Education in Germany was largely controlled by the Nazis. The main subjects were history, biology and physical education. All of course indoctrinated and altered to shine a good light on the Nazi party and its style of rule. Special schools were build for the â€Å"most talented†. This meant that from a very young age onwards, children in Germany were focused on the Nazi ideology, similar to the Youths, which I will talk about in the next paragraph. b. Italy i. Education was focused on Fascist ideas and ideology. Children were educated in physical education and military training. These are just examples to illustrate what Mussolini wanted to achieve. iv. Youths a. Germany i. Various youths’ existed in Nazi Germany, all aiming to control the mind of German children. Hitler once described his views concerning the purpose of youths:† When an opponent declares, ‘I will not come your side’, I calmly say: ‘Your child belongs to us already†¦In a short time, they will know nothing else but this community.† These programs existed for boys and girls. Boys camps were more physical, preparing for war. Girls’ camps were aiming to make them strong to bear many healthy children. b. Italy i. From 1929 onwards, Mussolini focused more intensely on the control of children in his regime. He wanted to control them by education, which he stated as a right of the leading body in a totalitarian state. The Ministry of Public Instructions was changed to the Ministry of National education (ONB) in 1929. This new organisation provided pre-military training, drill and gym. All measures to convey a more aggressive and disciplined way of live. This program was even integrated into the school curriculum. Recruitment was thus made very easy and numerous. The Fascists wanted to create an Italy were there were young courageous men willing to fight for the cause of the nation. Their motto was: â€Å"Believe, Obey, Fight†. This displays exactly what Mussolini was after. Especially during the great depression, Mussolini tried to give his people a cause to believe in. He created groups or fixed mass meeting so that the people would experience a way of unity. v. Propaganda a. Germany i. Minister of Propaganda in Nazi Germany was Goebbels. He was an able man, with enormous aims. Not only wanted he the people to accept the regime. He wanted them to capitulate to them, grasping the ideology. He, for the first time in history, effectively made use of the radio and press. He seized control over both. By 1932 less then 25% of the population owned a radio. Hence, he made provisions for producing cheap sets of wireless radios. He called it the ‘Volksempfà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½nger’, translated, ‘nation-receptionist’. The press seemed harder to control. The Nazi publisher-‘Eher Verlag’-bought many of the 4,700 existing newspapers. Goebbels held a daily press conference and eventually, the Editors Law, made the seizure of the press complete. Via the radio, the Aryan race was emphasized. Jewish music was not played. People were constantly bombed with Nazi propaganda, their ideology. b. Italy i. Mussolini wanted to create an image of the ‘new’ Italian. This image should be aggressive and patriotic. He also used heroic figurers from the wars to illustrate the alleged superiority of the Italian nation. vi. Police State a. Germany i. The party seemed to be well organized and structured. Hitler himself, however, rejected any document work. Now the question appears, how it was so sufficient? The answer is that a powerful force was acting behind the scenes. This force was the ‘army’. It consisted of the SS, short for â€Å"Schutz-Staffel†, the SA, short for â€Å"Sturm-Abteilung†, the Gestapo, known for its brutality and later the SD, â€Å"Sicherheitsdienst†, the party internal police force. All these acted in order to maintain or restore order. The SS was once created to be Hitler’s personal bodyguard. It evolved to be a unit with incredible power over, economic, political and social matters. It turned out to be an extremely useful tool for Hitler. b. Italy i. The military was also guaranteed a supreme status in Italy. However, the German army had become a political power whereas the Italian had not. After the death of Hindenburg, Hitler was able to benefit from an exclusive oath. Mussolini never had such an opportunity under the still existing Monarchy. The Italian Military acted with divided loyalties. The Italian army did not face any threats form party-army-type organizations, as opposed to the German SS and SA. vii. Power of the Leader a. Germany/Italy i. Both, ‘der Fà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½hrer’ and ‘il duce’, were charismatic and ambitious men. They had a set aim which they wanted to achieve no matter what the cost was. They managed to elate masses so that they would virtually believe anything they said. These are, among others, characteristics a strong Leader must have in order to be successful. Hitler was not only appointed chancellor but became President after Hindenburg’s death. He also appointed himself Chief-Commander of all armed forces. This gave him the mere control over many bodies. i. Weigh factors against each other a. Germany vs. Italy ii. Conclusion a. When looking back at my research and all the information I collected during it, I think it is fair to say that both ideologies and those implementing it, transformed the respective countries to a large extent into totalitarian regimes. Although, I would say that this phenomena did not occur in the conventional way. By definition, a totalitarian regime controls every aspect of life. When looking at the moment they came to power and the day they left, a great difference in many senses can be seen. Especially, when looking at how they controlled the peoples’ minds’. Propaganda, Force, Speeches, youths and discrimination are all factors, which increased their influence. This integrated so quickly into the respective countries roots, so that it was inevitable that people would eventually believe what they heard. They would also obey by it because they the how brutal their measures could be. Power conveyed and achieved by force was one feature in these regimes. The other means was propaganda. New technology, new innovations enabled them to convey their messages and slogans whenever they wanted. They could also reach every member of their â€Å"community†. They not only controlled adults. One of their ideas was to transform the young so that their ideology would be carried further with the next generation. 1 http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=Nazism 2 http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=fascism 3 http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=totalitarian

Liberalism a political thoery... essays

Liberalism a political thoery... essays Liberalism is a political theory that maintains the rationality of human nature. Assuming that humans are reasonable and freethinking should be given the opportunity to fulfil their economic potential. Liberalism rational view on human nature lends itself to the economic theory of capitalism. In this essay I will attempt to prove the veracity of this statement. Firstly, Liberalism allows young entrepreneurs to start their own business, but that includes many taxes. Capitalism also allows entrepreneurs to start their own business, but with as little interference as possible. In both political theorys we are free to have control on our life, though liberalism favors the help of government in ones life for economic or health issues, (social insurance, welfare) capitalism on the other hand lets you be in TOTAL control of your life, lending you no help. Both governments supply matters of law. Secondly, Both these political ideologies favor the profit motive. Were you can start your own business at your risks. But in the case of liberalism you can have a bankruptcy protection plan supplied to you by the government. Thirdly, The laws of supply and demand are the same for both ideologies; the producer offers a price, while the consumers try bargaining the price for their own good. The more customers want, the more you have to produce and you are free to do this without a quota. Fourthly, Both government theories have sub-divisions for each sector for example: health, education, foreign affairs etc. These divisions are made so that the power is divided within the government so that the power is not given to one individual in particular. In both theorys you have a right to elect each and every member of government. Leaving much room so that the voices of the people can be heard. Finally to conclude, Liberalism and Capitalism both share common points in theory. Weather it is the way government is divided,...

The disease typhoid salmonella Essay Example

The disease typhoid salmonella Essay Example The disease typhoid salmonella Essay The disease typhoid salmonella Essay What is the enteric fever febrility? It came as a consequence of the disease enteric fever salmonella, found in nutrient, H2O and vector-borne and septic individuals, the spread of the disease in soiled topographic points, and bacteriums and so perforate the enteric wall, which is ingested macrophages. Salmonella typhi, more right called Salmonella enterica enterica Typhi, and so alter its construction to defy devastation and let them to be within the macrophage. Most instances are acquired while going abroad, to developing states. Anyone can acquire typhoid febrility but the greatest hazard exists to travellers sing states where the disease is common. Sometimes, it can be attributed to domestic policy issues are exposure to person who is a chronic bearers. The bearer stage differs from the figure of yearss per twelvemonth. Merely about 3 per centum of the instances will last a life-time to go bearers of the bacteria and this tends to happen more frequently in grownups than in kids History Around 430-426 BC, a lay waste toing pestilence, which some believed was typhoid febrility, killed one tierce of the population of Athens, including Pericles, their leader. The balance of power shifted from Athens to Sparta, stoping the Golden Age of Pericles that had marked Athenian laterality in the ancient universe. Thucydides, antediluvian historiographer besides contracted the disease but survived to compose the pestilence. His Hagiographas are the chief beginning of this epidemic. The cause of the pestilence has long been challenged by faculty members and scientists consider epidemic typhus in modern medicine the most likely cause. However, a 2006 survey detected DNA sequences similar to those of the bacteriums responsible for typhoid febrility. Other scientists have disputed the findings, mentioning serious methodological defects in the survey of dental pulp-derived Deoxyribonucleic acid. The disease is normally transmitted through hygiene wonts, wellness conditions to the pop ulace during this period, the full population of Attica was besieged within the walls of long and unrecorded in collapsible shelters. This febrility has received assorted names, such as stomachic febrility, typhoid febrility, get worsing febrility baby, slow febrility, nervous febrility, pathogens, febrility, etc. The name of typhoid febrility was given by Louis in 1829, as a derived function of typhus. In 1897, Almroth Edward Wright developed an effectual vaccinum. In 1909, Frederick F. Russell, an American ground forces physician, has developed a vaccinum against typhoid American and two old ages after its inoculation plan became the first in which an full ground forces has been vaccinated. Eliminated enteric fever as a important cause of morbidity and mortality in the ground forces of the United States. Most developed states, typhoid rates were falling throughout the first half of the twentieth century due to inoculations and progresss in sanitation and public hygiene. Antibiotics were introduced into clinical pattern in 1942, greatly cut downing mortality. Today, the incidence of typhoid febrility in developed states is about 5 instances per 1,000,000 people per twelvemonth. Typhoid febrility is besides known as a Suette 1000 in France in the 19th century. Transmission Typhoid sources are passed in fecal matters and, to some extent, the piss of septic people. Sources are spread by eating or imbibing nutrient or H2O contaminated by fecal matters of an septic individual. Flying insects feeding on fecal matters May during the transportation of bacteriums from the wonts of public hygiene and hapless sanitation. Public runs to promote people to rinse their custodies after laxation and before managing nutrient are an of import component in commanding the spread of the disease. A individual may go an symptomless bearer of enteric fever febrility, enduring no symptoms, but have the ability to infect others. About 5 % of people who contract enteric fever continue to transport the disease after recovery Symptoms Symptoms may be mild or terrible and may include febrility, concern, irregularity or diarrhoea, rose musca volitanss on the bole and an hypertrophied lien and liver, people with typhoid febrility normally have a relentless high febrility for 39 to 40 grades Celsius. Chest congestion develops in many patients, and abdominal hurting and uncomfortableness are common. Fever is changeless. Improvement occurs in the 3rd and 4th hebdomads in those without complications. Approximately 10 % of patients had recurrent symptoms ( backsliding ) after experiencing better for one to two hebdomads. Recurrences are really more common among people treated with antibiotics During the 2nd hebdomad of infection, the patient is prostrated with high febrility in tableland around 40 A ; deg ; C and bradycardia ( pulse-thermal dissociation ) , classically, with a split pulse wave. Delirium is frequent, often unagitated, but sometimes agitated. The craze of typhoid febrility gives the moniker of nervous febrility . Rose spots appear on the thorax and venters less than approximately 1 / 3 of patients. There are rhonchi in lung bases. The venters is distended and painful in the lower right quarter-circle in which warnings you hear. Diarrhea may happen in this phase: six to eight stools per twenty-four hours, green, with a characteristic odor, comparable to pea soup. However, irregularity is besides frequent. The lien and liver are enlarged ( hepatosplenomegaly ) and stamp, and the lift of hepatic aminotransferases. The Widal reaction is strongly positive, with anti-HA antibodies and Antiochus. Blood civilizations are sometimes still positive at this point. ( The chief symptom of this febrility, the febrility normally rises in the afternoon until the first hebdomad and 2nd portion ) . In the 3rd hebdomad of enteric fever febrility, a series of complications may happen: enteric bleeding due to shed blooding in congested Peyer spots, which can be really serious, but normally is non fatal. distal enteric perforation: This is a really serious complication and is frequently fatal. It may happen without dismaying symptoms until sepsis or peritoneal inflammation set in. Encephalitis Metastatic abscesses, cholecystitis, endocarditis and osteitis The febrility is still high and varies little over 24 hours. Dehydration occurs and the patient is hallucinating ( typhoid province ) . At the terminal of the 3rd hebdomad, the febrility has started to cut down ( defervescence ) . This continues in the 4th hebdomad and finals. Diagnosis After consumption of contaminated nutrient or H2O, and salmonella bacteriums invade the little bowel and enter the blood stream temporarily. Bacterias spread by white blood cells in the liver, spleen and bone marrow. Bacteria so multiply in the cells of these variety meats and enter the blood stream. Patients who show symptoms like febrility, when the organic structure comes back into the blood stream. Bacterial invasion of the gall bladder, bilious piece of land, and lymphoid tissues in the intestine. Here are multiplying in big Numberss. Bacteria in the bowels to go through, and can be identified for diagnostic intents in civilizations of stool sample in the research lab. Stool civilizations sensitive in the first and last phases of the disease, but frequently must be integrated with the civilizations of blood for the diagnosing and clear. Diagnosis is made by any blood and bone marrow or stool civilizations and Widal trial ( presentation of salmonella antibodies against antigens O physical and flagellar H. ) . In epidemics and less affluent states, after excepting malaria, dysentery or pneumonia, and the curative test with Chloromycetin is by and large a clip he played until the consequences of Widal trial and blood civilizations. Treatment Treatment pick ( best medical specialty ) is a fluoroquinolone such as Cipro, 2nd, to third coevals Mefoxins such as Rocephin or cefotaxime Gramocef-O is ideal. Cefixime appropriate topographic point with the oral cavity. Typhoid febrility in most instances is fatal. And antibiotics such as Principen and Chloromycetin, trimethoprim Gantanol, Amoxil and Cipro are normally used to handle typhoid febrility in developed states. Prompt intervention of this disease with antibiotics reduces the instance human death rate of around 1 % . Typhoid febrility lasted for three hebdomads to a month. Death occurs between 10 % and 30 % of untreated instances. While in some instances communities have mortality rates up to 47 % . Resistance Resistance to ampicillin, Chloromycetin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and streptomycin is now common, and these agents have non been used as first line intervention now for about 20 old ages. Typhoid that is immune to these agents is known as multidrug-resistant enteric fever ( MDR enteric fever ) . Ciprofloxacin opposition is an increasing job, particularly in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Many Centres are hence traveling off from utilizing Cipro as first line for handling suspected typhoid originating in South America, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Thailand or Vietnam. For these patients, the recommended first line intervention is ceftriaxone. It has besides been suggested Azithromycin is better at handling enteric fever in immune populations than both fluoroquinolone drugs and Rocephin. Azithromycin significantly reduces backsliding rates compared with Rocephin. Prevention Sanitation and hygiene are the critical steps that can be taken to forestall enteric fever. Typhoid does non impact animate beings and therefore transmittal is merely from human to another. Typhoid can merely distribute in environments where human fecal matters or piss are able to come into contact with nutrient or imbibing H2O. Careful nutrient readying and lavation of custodies are hence important to forestalling enteric fever. There are two vaccinums presently recommended by the ( WHO ) for the bar of enteric fever, these are the unrecorded, unwritten Ty21a vaccinum ( sold as Vivo if Berna ) and the inject able Typhoid polyose vaccinum ( sold as Typhi VI by Sanofi Pasteur and Typherix ) . Both are between 55 to 85 % protective and are recommended for travellers to countries where enteric fever is endemic. There exists an older killed whole-cell vaccinum that is still used in states where the newer readyings are non available, but this vaccinum is no longer recommended for usage, because it has a higher rate of side effects ( chiefly hurting and redness at the site of the injection ) . Mentions hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid_fever Book: Typhoid Fever: Considered As A Problem Of Scientific Medicine ( 1918 ) Writer: Frederick Parker Gay Publishing Date: Dec 2008 Publisher: Kessinger Publishing Number of Pages: 304 Language: English

17 Funny Halloween Quotes to Make You Laugh

17 Funny Halloween Quotes to Make You Laugh Halloween is a festival of chills and thrills. Gear up to meet people in bizarre costumes. Join the Halloween celebration with your own brand of freaky fetish. Bake skull cookies, mix dragon blood beverages, and eat eyeball scones. Surprise your guests with funny Halloween quotes scribbled on your wall as graffiti. You can make your Halloween party a memorable one with a touch of creativity. Halloween Around the World Halloween traditions vary by geography. If you are in Austria, you would probably leave some bread and water for the departed souls. Ireland, from where Halloween is said to originate, celebrates Halloween in spectacular style. Visit Dublin, Ireland, for the Halloween festival fiesta. In the U.S., Halloween is second only to Christmas. Children go door-to-door in spooky costumes, collecting treats from friendly neighbors. Adults have â€Å"Halloween nights† with themed parties and pumpkin pies. The Swedish like to celebrate Halloween by remembering their deceased friends and relatives. Honoring the dead by lighting candles by their graves is the Swedish Halloween tradition. Other countries like Russia, Mexico, Sweden, Germany, Japan, and Madagascar also celebrate Halloween in their own unique way. Whatever country you are in, make sure that you have a fun-filled Halloween night. Here are some funny Halloween quotes to get you into the spooky mood! Halloween Quotations Rita Rudner Halloween was confusing. All my life my parents said, Never take candy from strangers. And then they dressed me up and said, Go beg for it. I didn’t know what to do! I’d knock on people’s doors and go, Trick or treat. No, thank you. Fernando Pessoa Look, theres no metaphysics on earth like chocolates. Jean Baudrillard There is nothing funny about Halloween. This sarcastic festival reflects, rather, an infernal demand for revenge by children on the adult world. Rodney Dangerfield On Halloween, the parents sent their kids out looking like me. Richard Harris Barham Ghosts, like ladies, never speak till spoke to. Lloyd Douglas If a man harbors any sort of fear, it makes him landlord to a ghost. Miguel de Cervantes Fear has many eyes and can see things underground. Anonymous Ill bet living in a nudist colony takes all the fun out of Halloween. Nina Willis Walter The witches flyAcross the sky,The owls go, Who? Who? Who?The black cats yowlAnd green ghosts howl,Scary Halloween to you! Scottish Saying From ghoulies and ghosties and long-leggedy beasties and things that go bump in the night, Good Lord, deliver us! Steve Almond Nothing on Earth so beautiful as the final haul on Halloween night. Dee Snider Halloween is huge in my house and we really get into the spirits of things. Conan OBrien This Halloween the most popular mask is the Arnold Schwarzenegger mask. And the best part? With a mouth full of candy you will sound just like him. George Carlin There are nights when the wolves are silent and only the moon howls. Henry David Thoreau I would rather sit on a pumpkin and have it all to myself than be crowded on a velvet cushion. Mark Twain Everyone is a moon and has a dark side, which he never shows to anybody. Drew Carey I see my face in the mirror and go, Im a Halloween costume? Thats what they think of me? Source Morrison, Patt. Halloween is turning into a worldwide holiday. Why do so many people love to be scared? Los Angeles Times, October 31, 2018.

Why may the Romans be considered great city builders Essay

Why may the Romans be considered great city builders - Essay Example The capital city of Rome was especially famous for its detailed planning and organization. It is difficult to perceive how city planners of Rome could have pulled off such a grand and sweeping project without the aid of modern architectural aids. Yet, it is a fact that the monuments, government buildings, public recreation houses and other structures and provisions within the city were quite advanced for the time. And some of the technology used by Romans continues to find application in modern cities today. With no greater aid than stones, bricks, wood and mortar, the Romans constructed great works of architectural value. The Bridges over Danube and Rhine are prime examples of Roman architecture. These two rivers, which set the northern limits of the empire, proved to be a hurdle for the northward expansion of the empire. To overcome this problem Julius Caesar brought together the best architectural minds at his disposal to build these politically and militarily important bridges. T he Colosseum is another landmark in the historic city of Rome. Even after several centuries of its construction, the structure has largely remained intact, offering visitors a theatrical experience. Built by Emperor Titus, the Colosseum was meant to host gladiator fights and animal fights. So during its functioning days, it was witness to some of the most gory battles for life.

The Limitations of the Behaviourist Approach to the Study of Learning, Essay

The Limitations of the Behaviourist Approach to the Study of Learning, with Reference to Chomsky's Critique of Skinner - Essay Example Chomsky’s works have been rated as the most influential pieces in the study of psychology particularly concerning behaviourism. In this case, a lot of transformations were witnessed amongst learners who studied the language. With his works labelled as classics, and having all the evidence in regard to the study of language, as opposed to behaviourism that is too general, this work shall aim to understand the limitations of the behaviourist approach, with the reference to Skinner. 2.0. Body In the views of Noam Chomsky, the aspect of behaviour cannot be understood in the study of B.F. Skinner’s operant conditioning. According to the thoughts of Routledge & Chapman (2005) Chomsky indicates that Skinner’s work is the worst ever written in the history of psychology. In this case, Chomsky indicates that his work comprises tangible evidence and conclusions as compared to the behaviourism standpoint. First, Chomsky argues against the viewpoint of Skinner’s learni ng through operant conditioning by arguing that one cannot study the behaviour of an individual, but not the components under study. The psychologists in this case, must not rely on the existing evidence and the abilities portrayed by the individuals, but the psychologists must go a step ahead and analyze the contents of the brain of the persons under study. From the brain, the researchers are likely to understand how the behaviours portrayed by the individuals have come into practicality. The brain, according to Chomsky (2006), is the root of the behaviours portrayed by the individual. The behaviours are simply a replica of the processes that go on in the individuals’ brain and cannot be alienated from the end product that is the behaviours of the individuals (Chomsky, 2006). In relation to Chomsky, Skinner went for end product- the behaviours portrayed- without getting to the grounds in which the behaviour has its roots. According to Altmann & Gaskell (2007), Chomsky emphas ises that study of the brain gives evidence of the behaviours portrayed by the individuals. In his work, Chomsky compares the study of behaviour to referring to Physics as readings in Science without considering the fact that the readings are mere data collected after an occurrence of a certain experiment by the learners or scientists in the laboratory (Randall, 2007). The study, analysis, testing and comparisons of data in the study of any field are compulsory. The end product cannot be alienated from its components; thus, the study of behaviour by Chomsky holds much evidence as compared to Skinner’s study on operant conditioning and learning. On another view point, Chomsky indicates that yet another limitation of Skinner’s behaviourist approach is that he relied so much on speculations as compared to critical study of the conditional behaviour. Scheer (2010) indicates that Skinner applied experimental investigations that had unfounded experimental techniques that wou ld have led to his study to having valid evidence on human behaviour. The limited significance of the techniques led to the coming up with the premise that behaviour cannot rely on inferences, but critical analysis of facts. According to Shackelford & Vonk (2012), Chomsky holds the view that language can only be understood in relation to Information

Will the Oil Crisis happen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Will the Oil Crisis happen - Essay Example As Daniel Yergen concisely states, "We're not running out of oil. Not yet." He qualifies this statement by stating, "Right now the oil market is tight, even tighter than it was on the eve of the 1973 oil crisis." He even states that, "in this high-risk market, 'surprises' ranging from political instability to hurricanes could send oil prices spiking higher," but he - like many other scholars - does not foresee an actual supply shortage in the near future. He notes that the public at large has heard the rumor that rising gas prices are an indication "that the world is going to begin running out of oil in five or 10 years," and many people believe this falsehood to be true. However, the reality of the situation is just not that simple. The ever-changing prices of fuel might be an indicator of a fluctuation in the market, but many experts agree that price instability is not a reflection of a dwindling oil supply. Yergen states that new field research conducted by Peter Jackson and Robert Esser actually indicates quite the opposite is true. He states that Jackson and Esser have actually forecast "a large, unprecedented buildup of oil supply in the next few years." Their figures estimate that "between 2004 and 2010, capacity to produce oil could grow by 16 million barrels a day -- from 85 million barrels per day to 101 million barrels a day -- a 20 percent increase." Although fuel consumption is a never-ending fact of our society, modern technology is making it possible for the world's oil suppliers to use much more efficient techniques for finding new reserves and exploiting the ones we already have. As Deming states, "With every passing year it becomes possible to exploit oil resources that could not have been recovered with old technologies." Much of the optimism in Leonardo Maugeri's The Age of Oil is founded in such technological hope. He writes, "It is probably true that our planet does not hide many more gigantic, yet-to-be-discovered deposits of conventional oil. But the discovery trends we are witnessing today can make this irrelevant" (220). He believes that "unconventional sources such as gas liquids, ultra-deep offshore deposits, ultra-heavy oils, shale oils, and tar sands" hold some hope for future development. Scientists are currently researching ways to put these resources to use. Since high gas prices allow companies to have more capital for scientific advancement and research, his hope of nontraditional fuel sources may likely become a reality. He also states that the Persian Gulf and Russian Federation "have huge potential for new reserves additions" if they can overcome "outmoded technologies and poor management" (221). Ultimately, when fuel companies need this oil, the market will likely force them to find a way to make the right technologies available to these regions. For example, the largest oilfield in Kuwait is still using equipment from the 1940's and 1950's to extract its oil (224). Surely, modern technology will be able to help this field and many others as the quest for oil intensifies. Yergin predicts that "the share of 'unconventional oil' - Canadian oil sands, ultra-deep-water developments, 'natural gas liquids' - will rise from 10 percent of total capacity in 1990 to 30 percent by

Comparative projects Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Comparative projects - Assignment Example Thus, societies that fundamentally observe matrilocality and matrilineal descent will regard women with higher social functions than in one where their custom provides for patrilocality and patrilineal descent. The living arrangements upon marriage and the order of inheritance have a direct correlation to the status of women in the group. The practices of the Minangkabau of Indonesia and the Yanomamo of Venezuela illuminates on these differences as postulated by Scupin. Matrilineal societies do not necessarily imply that women are the center of power in this setting. This suggests that contrary to the belief of male dominance, women have a more active role and participation in society. Lewis Henry Morgan in his work Ancient Society which inspired no less than Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels theorizes that matriarchy had always been the standard during earlier times. But there was a movement toward patriarchy as adopted by men in order to secure that their property passes on to their male lineage in contrast to the matriarchal system where property is communal (as cited in Scupin, 2012, p. 228). Peggy Reeves Sanday in her study of the Minangkabau confronts the Western ideas of patriarchy. She writes that the women in this culture are viewed in an egalitarian manner rather than being subdued members of the tribe (as cited in Scupin, 2012, p. 230). On the other hand, Yanomamà ¶ are patrilineal and the men hold the most power. The common system in thei r survival follow the common conception of a patriarchal system where the men prepare the forest for agriculture while concurrently protecting everyone from intruders and the women tend to the vegetation and harvesting of crops as they simultaneously rear the children (Scupin, 2012, p. 175). The Minangkabau is recognized as the largest matrilineal society in the world and studied

Terry V.Ohio Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Terry V.Ohio - Assignment Example constitution, every individual is entitled to privacy concerning their personal property and other effects. In the contrary, the Exclusionary Rule suppresses evidence in instances where proper protocol was ignored. Furthering that, in absence of a search warrant only emergency situations and plain sight can permit unreasonable search. I will detail my explanation on the application of criminal investigations and the justice system. The most fundamental role of the American justice system with its complicated process and procedures is to peace maintenance through dispute resolution. This is possible in the federal state through application of the law through specific persons or institutions. The state and federal constitution forms the supreme source of the applicable law with reference to the statutes and administrative regulations as other sources. In the constitution, the structure of the government, the definition and limitations of power in the protection of citizens from unlawful acts are outlined. The terry V. Ohio case decided in the United States Supreme Court set precedent on stop and frisk aspect. After this the next proof level was called the probable cause.This is where there is good reason or probability of linking an individual to a committed crime or involvement in a committed crime. Probable cause has seemed to be more significant in criminal cases because this is where individuals are searched and arrested depriving them of their liberty. Nevertheless, in civil cases the suspect’s property can be seized without denying them their liberty freedom. This argues the reason why the law enforcement agent or police officers need to have a probable cause when carrying out a search or undertaking an arrest. No absolute certainty is needed for an officer to make an arrest or search but a probable cause of suspicion. From practical experience the police officer, upon sensing a weapon may search the car suspected to

Management in the Arts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management in the Arts - Research Paper Example It has come up with different technologies of artificial pitches and excellent customer service which help the customers to avail their services. ‘Goals’ is a company which has established courts having floodlights and these courts have a spacious area. Moreover the services of pavilion are provided to the customers for refreshment purposes along with the facilities of parking. Service/ Products Heathrow Goals is located in an area with high population so that it can attract a wider range of crowd. The services that the center provides are associated with the services of the company ‘Goals’. It provides the service of booking the pitches for matches of football along with kid parties. The teams can sign up to leagues or tournaments organized by the Heathrow Goals. It provides different facilities for the teams who are enrolled in these leagues or tournaments. It has around 12 all weather pitches which help the customers with different environment of day and night. These pitches are well developed by the Heathrow Goals with rubber crumb artificial grass. The pitches also have the facility of floodlights so that the individuals can play up to the time that they want to. The Heathrow Goals also has luxury sports bar along with a private function room for parties. A mega screen is located on the pitch which attracts the teams to the centers. And lastly it also provides the facilities of shower and changing rooms for the sportsmen. Finances   The finances of the Goals clearly show that their popularity and sales is increasing every other day. With the help of the facilities that it provides it is seen that people are getting attracted towards the centre even more. In the years 2009 it was seen that the sales of the company were increased by 6% which clearly showed the strength of finance of the company. The company aims to four more centers during the year of 2011. In 2010 it was seen that five such centers were opened and made functional by the company to generate huge profits. It also opened its centre out of the United Kingdom in the famous state of Los Angeles. It is believed that with the current facilities the company would be further able to excel in the year of 2011 and currently the number of sales is enough for the company to fulfill its goals. Premises   Heathrow Goals is located on the Shepiston Lane, Heathrow with 12 day night courts for the footballers. The premises of Heathrow goals contain a bar for the footballers along with changing rooms and shower. The pitches in Heathrow Goals are almost 12 joined together but separated by the pavilion ends. It also has separate rooms where kid parties can be arranged. History   The history of Goals can be traced back to 1987 when the first 5-a side centre was established. Keith Rogers was the co founder of Anchor International Limited which created this first centre. Keith Roger was able to successfully expand the business until it was sold to 3i at the pri ce of 28 million pounds in the year of 1999. After selling Anchor International Limited, Keith Rogers carried out an MBI (Management buy in) on an existent business so that he could flourish his concept of 5-a side business. The company that he carried out an MBI on was backed by HBOS Plc and Dunedin and soon after staff upgrading started. New information technology systems were introduced in the business to help the business. After

Comparative projects Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Comparative projects - Assignment Example Thus, societies that fundamentally observe matrilocality and matrilineal descent will regard women with higher social functions than in one where their custom provides for patrilocality and patrilineal descent. The living arrangements upon marriage and the order of inheritance have a direct correlation to the status of women in the group. The practices of the Minangkabau of Indonesia and the Yanomamo of Venezuela illuminates on these differences as postulated by Scupin. Matrilineal societies do not necessarily imply that women are the center of power in this setting. This suggests that contrary to the belief of male dominance, women have a more active role and participation in society. Lewis Henry Morgan in his work Ancient Society which inspired no less than Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels theorizes that matriarchy had always been the standard during earlier times. But there was a movement toward patriarchy as adopted by men in order to secure that their property passes on to their male lineage in contrast to the matriarchal system where property is communal (as cited in Scupin, 2012, p. 228). Peggy Reeves Sanday in her study of the Minangkabau confronts the Western ideas of patriarchy. She writes that the women in this culture are viewed in an egalitarian manner rather than being subdued members of the tribe (as cited in Scupin, 2012, p. 230). On the other hand, Yanomamà ¶ are patrilineal and the men hold the most power. The common system in thei r survival follow the common conception of a patriarchal system where the men prepare the forest for agriculture while concurrently protecting everyone from intruders and the women tend to the vegetation and harvesting of crops as they simultaneously rear the children (Scupin, 2012, p. 175). The Minangkabau is recognized as the largest matrilineal society in the world and studied

Management in the Arts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management in the Arts - Research Paper Example It has come up with different technologies of artificial pitches and excellent customer service which help the customers to avail their services. ‘Goals’ is a company which has established courts having floodlights and these courts have a spacious area. Moreover the services of pavilion are provided to the customers for refreshment purposes along with the facilities of parking. Service/ Products Heathrow Goals is located in an area with high population so that it can attract a wider range of crowd. The services that the center provides are associated with the services of the company ‘Goals’. It provides the service of booking the pitches for matches of football along with kid parties. The teams can sign up to leagues or tournaments organized by the Heathrow Goals. It provides different facilities for the teams who are enrolled in these leagues or tournaments. It has around 12 all weather pitches which help the customers with different environment of day and night. These pitches are well developed by the Heathrow Goals with rubber crumb artificial grass. The pitches also have the facility of floodlights so that the individuals can play up to the time that they want to. The Heathrow Goals also has luxury sports bar along with a private function room for parties. A mega screen is located on the pitch which attracts the teams to the centers. And lastly it also provides the facilities of shower and changing rooms for the sportsmen. Finances   The finances of the Goals clearly show that their popularity and sales is increasing every other day. With the help of the facilities that it provides it is seen that people are getting attracted towards the centre even more. In the years 2009 it was seen that the sales of the company were increased by 6% which clearly showed the strength of finance of the company. The company aims to four more centers during the year of 2011. In 2010 it was seen that five such centers were opened and made functional by the company to generate huge profits. It also opened its centre out of the United Kingdom in the famous state of Los Angeles. It is believed that with the current facilities the company would be further able to excel in the year of 2011 and currently the number of sales is enough for the company to fulfill its goals. Premises   Heathrow Goals is located on the Shepiston Lane, Heathrow with 12 day night courts for the footballers. The premises of Heathrow goals contain a bar for the footballers along with changing rooms and shower. The pitches in Heathrow Goals are almost 12 joined together but separated by the pavilion ends. It also has separate rooms where kid parties can be arranged. History   The history of Goals can be traced back to 1987 when the first 5-a side centre was established. Keith Rogers was the co founder of Anchor International Limited which created this first centre. Keith Roger was able to successfully expand the business until it was sold to 3i at the pri ce of 28 million pounds in the year of 1999. After selling Anchor International Limited, Keith Rogers carried out an MBI (Management buy in) on an existent business so that he could flourish his concept of 5-a side business. The company that he carried out an MBI on was backed by HBOS Plc and Dunedin and soon after staff upgrading started. New information technology systems were introduced in the business to help the business. After

Key Causes of Water Scarcity and Researched Solutions Essay Example for Free

Key Causes of Water Scarcity and Researched Solutions Essay 1.0Introduction This report is about the increase in demand for water, and its’ purpose is a twofold, firstly to examine and explore some of the causes of the ever increasing issue of the scarcity of water due to industrial, agricultural and consumer demand in society, and secondly to analyse the solutions of this concern for the Premier of Western Australia, Mr Colin Barnett. This is because water is a valuable resource that is vital for the human race and developing countries such as Australia will be facing an increase in domestic consumption of water by 70 percent in the future (Cashman and Ashley 2008). There were certain limitations surrounding this report, for example the word limit for this report was 1000 words and I was permitted to use a minimum of five scholarly sources and a maximum of seven. The methodology of my research began by using the database: proquest on the Internet, where I found these reliable sources. 2.0Causes of Demand for Water 2.1Industrial Demand Industrial Water Consumption Industries are one of the major key causes of the increased demand for water. Many industries require water to operate and perform the functions that are required to produce the goods or services in question. This is because industries such as oil and mining, are hugely dependable on extreme capacities of water thus, making them susceptible to water shortages (Holbrook 2009). Industries therefore depend on these large amounts of water for production and simultaneously are one of the essential instigators in the ever-increasing problem of water scarcity. In places such as New South Wales, Adelaide and Melbourne where mining operations are carried out, water scarcity is even more extreme. This is because of the material that is being extracted; they are mined in those areas and those areas alone, and therefore the large volume of water that is needed to extract them is adding to the concern of water scarcity. An estimate of water between 100 and 8000 litres are required to obtain one tonne of ore, and to worsen the situation, mining operations cannot be shifted causing water availability to be problematic in those areas (Holbrook 2009). This issue allows an increased strain on the local communities in which mining operations are performed thus causing a concern for the people living in those areas. 2.2Agricultural Demand Population Growth The demand for agriculture is one of the most excessive causes of water scarcity. This is because agriculture needs fresh water in the process of its production. Agriculture consumes the majority of global fresh water, making it one of the most enormous water sources of the increased water demand; the production of food is also rising due to population growth, of about 80 million people per year (Holbrook 2009). According to Irvine and Saulwick (2009), â€Å"Australia is poised to be the worlds fastest growing industrialized nation over the next four decades, with a rate of population growth higher even than India†. Thus with population increasing by a vast number every year, the demand for fresh water will additionally increase, therefore adding to the water scarcity in Australia. 2.3Consumer Demand Economic Growth The development of the economy is another cause of the increased demand for water in the world today. As the population grows, so does the demand for goods and services and therefore results in economic growth which is one of the major causes of water consumption. According to Barbier (2004), the extensive water dilemma is the result of economic development and the rise in population. The production of the increased demand for goods and services require water, and as the need for these goods increase, so will water demand. 3.0Solutions to Water Scarcity 3.1Watershed Improvement in water management is one way to reduce water demand. Water sectors that cross political boundaries amidst a certain watershed come together to meet their needs whilst protecting the ecosystem (Klausner, Mitten and Ingram 2007). 3.2Conservation Techniques In order to protect the earth, freshwater demand has to be decreased and by doing so the majority of freshwater users need to be active in the process of decreasing the chances of water shortages. Therefore by educating users about adequate water preservation techniques, water demand can be decreased. According to Klausner, Mitten and Ingram (2007), by educating farmers about the finest irrigation methods, they can have the opportunity to use water efficiently. Farmers use a vast majority of freshwater and the Australian farmers can be educated about the methods and capital required to conserve water. 3.3Reclaimed Water Reclaimed water is wastewater that has been treated to remove impurities. The substitution of this water can improve the issue of water scarcity. According to Klausner, Mitten and Ingram (2007), countries such as Japan use almost 80% of reclaimed water in their industrial sector. The limited amount of freshwater supplies makes this conservation method more accepted. It is an excellent idea, especially for the south of Australia where there is Mawson Lake and can recycle water. 4.0Conclusion The aim of this report was to outline the causes for the increased demand for water and to provide researched solutions. I provided information on the increased demand for water due to population growth, economic growth and the industrial consumption of water. The damages of water shortage are very dangerous and the consequences are deadly because of ecological and human health issues. Although demand can be reduced by the use of reclaimed water, conservation techniques and watershed methods. In Australia, the methods can be implemented to decreasing water demand for the future. 5.0Recommendations In order to improve water use in Australia, the factors that need to be considered are; water reuse by using reclaimed water to flush toilets, wash clothes and water gardens, educating farmers on water use, by informing them on irrigation techniques and watershed methods. In doing so, water demand in Australia will be reduced in the future if these methods are explored and practiced.