Honor in Othello and Hamlet Essay

Being one of the central themes in Othello and Hamlet, honor is used in very strange ways by Shakespeare. He has a way of showing how his characters can be very honorable or have a lack there of. He displays how honor is interwoven with personal integrity and how acts of attempting to keep a reputation can be confused with the acts of personal integrity. Lastly, he also displays how honor relates to the foresight seen by his characters. Honor can be connected to almost any actions made by any of the characters in these plays. He really keeps the readers/viewers guessing at what the motivations are for all of his characters. I will take a look into these motivations and explain my thoughts on such things. In these plays, honor is very important to the characters. It is a driving force, of sorts, for much of what the characters do. Along with that, judgments made about certain characters, by other characters, are almost always based on honor. In Othello specifically, honor connects almost all of the actions and judgments throughout the play. Honor seems to be one of the main reasons Desdemona fell in love with Othello. Being much older and having so many military accomplishments sent Othello into an honorable light in Desdemona’s eyes. To me, that seems to be the sole reason she fell in love with him, in the first place. His own character influenced her love thereafter, but initially, I believe it was solely his honor. Cassio is also attracted to this quality in Othello. His platonic love for Othello is based around how honorable Othello has been in his life, prior to the end of the play. In Iago’s eyes, however, Othello’s honor means nothing. He cannot comprehend why Othello got the job he has, while he is stuck in the same position. Iago gives the impression that Othello’s honor is almost a negative thing in his eyes. Despite Iago’s negative views, every judgment about Othello is based on how honorable he is. His behavior prior to the end of the play shows this honor as well. In opposition to the honorable basis of thoughts about Othello, many characters choose less honorary behavior and are viewed dishonorably by other characters. Iago is a prime example of this. Not only do you see the lack of honor in quite literally everything Iago does, but you witness these negative thoughts about him as well. From Othello, you hear the sarcastically said â€Å"honest Iago†, and from Emilia, you hear many a complaint. Iago’s dishonorable behavior even produces dishonorable behavior from Emilia. She makes it seem like she constantly cheats on Iago, because of his neglectfulness. Dishonorable behavior is just followed by more dishonorable behavior, in Shakespeare. This could not be more true when it comes to Hamlet. The entire play is based around the central occupation of greediness and revenge. The play starts off with the fact that King Hamlet has died. Right away, when Hamlet talks to the ghost of his deceased father, we find out that he was killed by his brother Claudius. This one event (not to belittle it) sparks a string of dishonorable behavior from Hamlet, who was once considered to be a very honorable intelligent young prince. Hamlet’s cunning, yet destructive, behavior however, could be argued as honorable, to a point, by some. His actions are based on the need for justice, which most people have within themselves. They are done in order to avenge his father’s death and make right in the world. This could be argued to be a noble and honorable cause. It could be, but I don’t think it would necessarily carry much weight. Sure, the cause behind his actions are great, but the way he goes about achieving that cause loses much, if not all, validity. He tries to make right, but in the process of it all, he hurts Ophelia, which causes her to commit suicide, he mistakenly kills Polonius (with little or no remorse), and his actions lead to the death of almost all other characters. Hamlet should, of course, not be blamed entirely for these incidences. Obviously Claudius should bare more burden when it comes to all of these deaths. In means of applying this theme of dishonorable behavior being followed by more of the same: you could also argue that if Claudius had not killed his brother, than Hamlet may have never become as dishonorable as he became. He was, after all, in school, away from the kingdom. Presumably, Hamlet could have married Ophelia and led an honorable life as king after the natural death of his parents. ————- When it comes to Shakespeare’s characters, there seems to be something missing: Integrity. While characters may have some personal integrity within themselves, there doesn’t seem to be many that are driven by what is right, rather than driven for their own gains. Want of personal integrity lags far behind the want of reputation in these plays. There’s an abundance of instances where characters act with integrity, but few show this integrity throughout an entire play. A good example is Michael Cassio. For the first part of the play, to me, he seemed to have a lot of integrity. Despite his dispute after drinking, he felt terrible about it, and he wanted to make it up to Othello. It sounded like all he wanted was forgiveness from his good friend. That made him have a lot of integrity in my eyes. But in the end, he’s seen visiting the prostitute and leading her along, for the fun of it. Last of all, foresight in Shakespeare appears to be a quality with positives and negatives. The two largest forms of foresight in these two plays would have to be that of Hamlet and that of Iago. In terms of Hamlet: forgetting the terrible acts of violence and vulgarity that he committed in the spur of the moment, Hamlet’s foresight, when it came to Claudius, was very honorable. His use of foresight was to avenge his father’s death and to find justice in the world. Anything Hamlet did that was dishonorable had nothing to do with foresight; it had to do with his impulsiveness. In the other spectrum of things, Iago’s foresight is unquestionably dishonorable. His ability to perceive how people will react and what they will do in the future, while revered by Shakespeare the world over, is one of the most dishonorable instances in Shakespeare. His manipulation of people is only means of pitting them against each other in order to help himself in the future. After reading these plays, it is hard to decide whether or not honor can still be legitimately given to any character. In my eyes, Hamlet, Cassio, Iago, and Othello have all lost real honor. Sure, aside from Iago, the others have done honorable things, but I don’t think I could attribute any of them honor fully. The only characters I would consider giving that to would be Desdemona (for trying to save Othello at the end of the play) and possibly Horatio (for helping Hamlet discover find out about Claudius and choosing to not die in order to tell his friends story). I don’t think I could do that however, because these acts of honor do not serve entirely large parts of the plays. Honor is apparently a fickle thing. It will come and go in Shakespeare’s world. His plays make it very clear that he doesn’t believe many people can be truly honorable. Every once in a while he will convince us that one of his characters has this quality through and through, but he then snags that away from us. I’m convinced that, in these two plays, there is no truly honorable character. Some come close at moments, but spoils are constantly brought.

Laws and Regulations Essay

Introduction British Petroleum is the US’s largest corporation. One of the largest oil producers, BP services globally for billions of dollars each year. BP distributes oil and natural gas all over the world. British Petroleum has run into several problems with federal regulations over many years. Because of safety issues against the communities OSHA had to investigate many times for oil spills and natural gas leaks. Coca Cola is also one of the largest company beverage companies on the world. Coca Cola was used at first to cure addicts but the n it was revamped and used for making drinks for everyone. Like BP, Coca Cola had its issues with the law as well. They have been accused of violating human rights, pesticides in the groundwater, and finding cancer causing chemicals in the soft drinks. In 2008 it was concluded that Coca Cola was in direct violation FDA for health risk. We will compare and contrast the risks of safety regulations, OSHA violation, product safety and liability, workers compensation, and workplace data security and property protection from Coca Cola and British Petroleum. OSHA The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act) of 1970 is a federal regulation that establishes and enforces health and safety policy in the workplace (Goetsch, 2008). It covers private sector employers and employees and encourages states to participate in health and safety programs. States that participate receive half of its funding from the federal government (OSHA.gov, 2011). In the advent of increasing awareness and training of health and safety, company safety representatives must be up-to-date on laws, regulations and liability. The OSH Act requires employers to maintain statistical health and safety records and to report occupational illnesses and injuries under certain conditions at each company location. The reporting conditions are the following: â€Å"Death of one or more workers, one or more days away from work, restricted motion or restrictions to the work that an employee can do, loss of consciousness of one or more workers, transfer of an employee to another job, medical treatment beyond in-house first aid (if it is not on the first-aid list, it is considered medical treatment), and any other condition listed in Appendix B of the rule† (Goetsch, 2008, p. 121). Employers are responsible for informing employees about health and safety practices, laws, and regulations. OSHA regulations apply to BP and Coca-Cola with some deviation because of the nature of the business. OSHA regulations include general industry standards and it provides health and safety training programs for employees and employers. In the last few years, BP has been under much scrutiny. OSHA fined BP $87.4m for safety violations that led up to the 2005 Texas City refinery explosion (Walter, 2009). In 2010, BP’s Gulf of Mexico oil spill is still under investigation by the government. Insiders blame the spill on BP’s decision to shortcut procedures and skip a quality test (Casselman & Gold, 2010). Unlike BP, Coca-Cola received OSHA recognition in 2009 for having the highest employee safety and health standards at its Milesburg, PA site (OSHA.gov, 2009). Worker’s Compensation According to Goetsch (2008) â€Å" the concept of worker’s compensation developed as a way to allow injured employees to be compensated appropriately without having to take their employer to court† (Overview of Worker’s Compensation, p. 174). British Petroleum (BP) and Coca-Cola are large organization with locations around the world. Both organization have over 90,000 workers worldwide and have worker compensation plans to make sure injured employees are cared for. According to Ramos Law (2011), â€Å"workers at Coke suffer injuries similar to that of other factory employees. These workers suffer shoulder injuries from repetitive jobs such as mixing formula; knew injuries from loading product; or back pain from general warehouse jobs† (Hurt While Working at Coca-Cola or in the Beverage Industry?, para. 1). Coke needs to do a risk analysis and provide training to reduce the amount of workers’ compensation claims. British Petroleum (BP) had a massive oil spill in April of 2010 off the Gulf of Mexico in which BP hired over 20,000 people to help clean up the disaster. The care, training and protective gear for the cleanup crews was below safety standards. Training and protective gear could be the cause of the worker’s compensation claims that BP has will continue to receive. According to Johnston Moore & Thompson Attorneys at Law (2011), â€Å"seven oil spill workers were hospitalized on May 26 after experiencing nausea, dizziness and headaches. Four more were hospitalized on May 28, two of whom were admitted for chest pains† (First Workers’ Compensation Cases Building for Oil Spill Cleanup, para. 4). The fumes from the oil and the touching of the hazardous material to try and reduce the damage caused many to become sick. The safety standards of BP are being questioned for both the workers and the surrounding areas that were hit by this devastating oil spill. Product Safety and Liability Product safety and liability is a law that was created to hold distributors, retailers, manufacturers, and suppliers responsible for injuries caused from the product (Goetsch, 2008). This law was designed so that in the event injury occurs the consumer is protected. There are a number of different concepts that have laid the groundwork for the product liability law. The four major reasons that the laws were created were from, negligent manufacture, breach of warranty, strict liability in tort, and negligent design (Goetsch, 2008). Companies must take the time to ensure that the products that have been designed meet the safety standards to prevent potential instances from occurring. Coca Cola ensures that the product safety and liability is met by measuring the product and package requirements against the company standards. The company uses â€Å"The Coca-Cola Management Systems† which is a quality management system that maintains the company’s operations worldwide, maintain the Coca-Cola standards (thecoca-colacompany.com, 2011). BP has been under the analysis for quite some time since the oil spill occurred that caused millions of dollars in damage to the Gulf of Mexico. Since that time BP has created new ideas to monitor the waters that hold different oil rigs, these have been created to ensure quality monitoring. BP has created an observation program that will support constant monitoring. (BP.com, 2011) This will allow for the creation of quality monitoring preventing additional instances of the oil spill occurring in the future. This is important part of the product liability and safety program to ensure that the company follows the guidelines required to prevent future liability’s from occurring. This new quality monitoring will be able to â€Å"detect changes within the water quality, marine mammal vocalizations and weather and water temperature† (BP.com, 2011). Workplace Data and Property Protection In the workplace the most important option to the company is security and protection. Companies spend millions of dollars creating systems to protect all the assets and data that passed through a system. At BP, system security over their data tying global partnerships each refinery is a goal amongst the company. British Petroleum train each employee to keep information confidential and away from media if there is a minor incident. The risk of an employee breaking that code of silence about vital information is likely to happen. They have contracts to state employees cannot talk to media or there will be consequences that could ultimately lead to termination. Environmental Protection Agency protects the property and materials produced by BP. EPA keeps the regulation on what products are safe for BP to use to drill oil. Coke Cola has similar issues of security, but they are interested in keeping new products under the table so they can have the advantage over their competition once they launch a product. Their data protection requires a secure system as well. Both IT departments make sure systems do not get hacked by putting up server walls on the system. The security side of the results of companywide is an enterprise-level record of reference that becomes the official record for a given employee, customer, supplier, facility or other entity. Records of reference are the gold standard against which all other records in the system must be validated. These bind together the mass of company data and are at the core of the master data management approach to enterprise-wide integration (Goetsch, 2008). Although other large corporations are developing their own information frameworks, BP’s design is unique in that it specifically complements BP’s decentralized business structure. Casselman and Gold (2010) describes a situation in which a BP employee might have multiple records in one or more human resource databases, making it time-consuming to weed out the duplicate data. Conclusion There are many risks and contrasting information between the Coca Cola and British Petroleum. Both must follow rules and regulations of OSHA and federal laws in order to stay in business. Both companies had their share of setbacks when it came to employees and safety issues that made the public eye. Both companies continue to make billions of dollars and each year as the rules change they are learning to change with it. References BP.com. (2011) BP Deploying Advance Unmanned Water Quality Monitoring Vehicles in Gulf of Mexico. Retrieved from http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7064711 Casselman, B. and Gold, R. (2010). BP decisions set stage for disaster. Current, 524,14-16. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete. Goetsch, L. (2008). Occupational safety and health for technologists, engineers, and managers (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Johnston Moore & Thompson Attorneys at Law. (2011). Hunysvills Pearsonal Injusry Law. Retrieved from http://www.huntsvillepersonalinjurylaw.com. OSHA.gov. (2009). U.S. Department of Labor’s OSHA recognizes Coca-Cola Danone Waters LLC for workplace safety and health success. Retrieved from http://www.osha.gov/ pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=NEWS_RELEASES&p_id=18137. OSHA.gov. (2011). United States Department of Labor. Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Retrieved from http://www.osha.gov/OSHA_FAQs.html. Ramos Law. (2011). Ramos Law Firm Workers’ Comp Blog. Retrieved from http://www.ramoslawblog.com. Thecoca-colacompany.com. (2011) Product Quality: Coca-Cola Quality. Retrieved from http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/citizenship/quality.html Walter, P. (2009). BP handed 87.4m fines. Chemistry & Industry, 22, 7. Retrieved from Business Source Complete.

Reading journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Reading journal - Essay Example Nye Jr. states that there were more differences than similarities in industrial development in Britain, Germany, American and Japan (1). Moreover, Nye Jr. points out that industrial development in China, India and Brazil will not reflect that of U.S and Germany when completed (1). Additionally, Nye Jr. argues that the influence of America in other country is ‘situational’ and will diminish with time. According to him, the U.S was in the forefront in the current information revolution hence Americanizing other cultures through television programs and internet. However, if any other country took the place of Americans, the same would have happened (Nye Jr. 1). Of more importance, Nye Jr. maintains that some have strongly held to their cultural identity. For instance, the Japanese are persistent to their unique culture despite external influences from other countries. In addition, Nye Jr. argues that vibrant cultures borrow useful ideas from other cultures that need not to be the U.S (1). Finally, Nye Jr. points out that globalization is a double edged sword citing that in some incidences, the American culture has not only received a backlash but there have been efforts to change the culture itself. For example, the American policies concerning capital punishment and genetically modified foods draw a lot of criticism in Europe (Nye Jr. 1). Further, Nye Jr. argues that the American culture will diminish as people from other areas of the world gain increased technological capabilities (1). Interestingly, this article relates to several current personal experiences at various areas. Firstly, globalization has led to change in the modes used in teaching students in school. For instance, in the recent past, our tutors began training us through online programs that enabled easy assessment of individual performance. Secondly, at individual level, due

What is the impact of empowerment on the factors of organizational Essay

What is the impact of empowerment on the factors of organizational behavior in five star hotels in the USA - Essay Example Empowerment has become a global trend and only those hotels which properly empower their employees will succeed. Research carried out by, Wagner Iii, John A. (1994) found the following as impacts of empowerment: †¢Meaning †¢Results †¢Challenge and an opportunity to learn †¢Respect and recognition †¢Freedom at work †¢Affiliation. According to Betttencons, Lance E. A and Steven W.Brown (1978), empowerment in USA hotels has been implemented to some degree of success in some states. In a subsequent study on New York hotels, Fasa (1995) critically analyzed how empowerment can drive businesses to excel. In his findings he came up with three important levels of empowerment in organizations: employee-employer relations, employee – customer relations as well as the employee-job. Empowerment and Organization behavior. In a study conducted on empowerment in Canada, Whitener, Ellen M. (2000. p 234) observed that: â€Å"Workers are empowered through giving them authority and responsibility to make decisions affecting their work with a minimum of interference and second guessing by managers.† Role of employee empowerment Hotels depend on employee interactions with customers to earn business. Whether a hotel is going to continue attracting customers or not depends very much on how its employees interact with customers. Therefore, customer perception on an organization is very much dependent on behavior of the workers .It can therefore be argued that, the behavior of employees working in hotels must constantly be assessed and modeled to ensure that it reflect the hotels standard and mission.

Thesis comments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Thesis comments - Essay Example Instead Coase focused on factors within the organization which impacted economic activity. Coasian theory later became the foundation for what is today called internalization theory, one of the most significant theories to emerge in the study of multinational enterprises (Rugman & Verbecke, 2008). This theory suggests that foreign production and sales of a multinational business take place in response to imperfections in the goods and services markets. Buckley and Casson (1976) established the modern conception of this theory by suggesting three premises: 1) firms maximize profit in a world of imperfect markets, 2) the imperfect nature of the markets for intermediate products motivates firms to bypass them by creating internal markets, and 3) internalization of markets across national boundaries generates multinational enterprises. Thus, the multinational organization is seen as a device for raising efficiency by replacing external markets with an internal market within the company . Caves (2007) suggests that the establishment of a subsidiary by a multinational enterprise amounts to the entry into one national market based on needs created by another market. One type of entry is horizontal expansion whereby a subsidiary produces the same product (or product line) as the parent company. Another is vertical expansion or integration across national borders either backwards in order to obtain raw materials or other intermediate products needed by its main operations, or forwards to provide a distribution channel for its exports. Consequently there are three types of organizations potentially relevant to multinational enterprises. The first is a horizontally integrated firm, meaning a firm which produces essentially the same product line for each of the geographic markets where it has a presence. The second is a vertically integrated firm, meaning a firm that produces outputs in some of its plants which serve as inputs to others of its plants. The third is a diver sified company, whose plant outputs are neither horizontally nor vertically related to one another (Caves, 2007). Hymer’s (1976) theory of international operations highlighted two major motivators of international operations, namely the exploitation of oligopolistic advantages and the removal of conflict between firms to strengthen market power by means of collusion. He states, It frequently happens that enterprises in different countries compete with each other because they sell in the same market or because some of the firms sell to other firms. If the markets are imperfect, that is, if there is horizontal or bilateral monopoly or oligopoly, some form of collusion will be profitable. One form of collusion is to have the various enterprises owned and controlled by one firm. This is one motivation for firms to control enterprises in foreign countries. (Hymer, 1976, p. 25). Hymer emphasizes that direct foreign investment is not motivated by interest rates but rather by potenti al profits which can be derived by controlling a foreign enterprise. Vernon’s product cycle model (1966) is an important macroeconomic approach to understanding international business. This theory describes the product cycle as consisting of three primary phases: innovation, growth, and maturation. During the last, maturation stage of the product, the

Reading Response Questions to Chapter 10 and Human Sexuality article Essay

Reading Response Questions to Chapter 10 and Human Sexuality article - Essay Example Christians need to know how to deal with their sexuality and their sexual expression until they finally engage in sexual intercourse in marriage (Boone, 2010). Most Christians no longer believe their bodies are the temples of God as indicated in the bible. They believe one does what they want to with their bodies. This is sinful according to Christianity. Doing what they want with their bodies include having multiple sexual partners is considered adulterous in marriage, and prostitution before marriage (Boone, 2010). Christians abuse the gift of sex that was given to them by God. They dress inappropriately when going to church, as the dressing is usually sexually oriented. Seducing men by one’s dressing code is not an appropriate behavior for Christians. Today, sex does not determine the term of a relationship. One can have sex before and then define their relationship later or even consider it a one-time thing. Other people also opt to benefit mutually from each other. They are friends and they satisfy each other’s sexual desires. This is very wrong because sex should be special to both the male and female parties. This means it should not be done for the mere excuse of satisfying physical desires (Boone, 2010). People who view sex as not special and will do it according to the desires of their bodies end up not building relationships in their lives. This is because they do not know what love is and they do not understand the role of intimacy in a relationship. Homosexuality and the fact that the society is increasingly accepting it is a challenge to many. God asked Adam and Eve to go into the world and procreate. This was the sole purpose of sexual intercourse according to the bible. A man and another man cannot procreate. This is a contradiction to God’s orders to keep sex sacred and use it for procreation. The other thing

Why are the Arabic language and calligraphy important in Islamic Essay

Why are the Arabic language and calligraphy important in Islamic civilization - Essay Example Nymikail further explains that a lively and growing language possesses features and characteristics that prove it to be flexible and dynamic, as well as sufficient with the present era’s needs. The remarkable as well as outright feature of a lively and growing language is the Calligraphy. A growing language uses calligraphy in recording the heritage and culture of the people dwelling within a given context, and in a given era. Peoples’ variable challenges as well as their long-lasting memories regarding their future are maintained. Arabic calligraphy can be described as a genuine Arab and Islamic art. It is the leading significant artifact of the legacy of Arabs, the pot within which all Arabic cultures, from earlier generations merge to realize a reliable and eternal heritage.   Forms of Arabic calligraphy differ since this calligraphy has traversed the terminal of the process of writing; therefore, loses an eternal potential regarding design and styles. Additionally, emerging amongst the outstanding characteristics of Islamic arts, composting the common factor for all Islam and Arabic arts, it can either be that they assumed shapes of mobile antiques or fixed buildings. The attribute was, also, featured in decorating mosques and in photographing; not a single Arab monument lacking Arabic calligraphy. Notably, there became a variance between the art of writing and the process of writing. The difference is evidenced, with the first variance being in the manner in which ideas are conveyed. The second variance regards the medium used in expressing emotions, sentiments and feelings. However, it is worth appreciating that the development of the Arabic calligraphy was has taken ages to emerge spiritual engineering through a writing tool as the appropriate means. It is irrefutable that calligraphy has a constant and fundamental role in human history, as it

Indonesian Music and Korean Music Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Indonesian Music and Korean Music - Case Study Example It is said to have originated in 16th century before the arrival or introduction of Islam in Indonesia, because of this, it is slightly modified, had change in new ways and absorbed new contexts (Harnish and Rasmsmusen). According to Harnish and Rasmussen, it is a large ensemble consisting of predominantly tuned, percussion instruments such as metallophones, hanging gongs and kettle gongs. It consists of two basic categories, pencon which are knobbed gong instruments and wilahan or slabbed key instruments (Spiller 60). It is composed of several gongs with different pitches based on the differences in thickness of surfaces, sizes, shapes and weights. It can be arranged vertically or suspended horizontally and struck with a use of a mallet. Slab key instruments compose of ten to fifteen rectangular metal bars arranged from left to right, from smallest to largest. The timbre of the metal bars depends on the softness or hardness of mallet use when playing the instrument. Gamelan Sekaten is a gamelan piece. It has a cyclical pattern and can be played repeatedly many times (Spiller 69-71). It is associated with the Muslim festival Garebeg Maulud, birth of the prophet Mohammed during Muslim holy week. No drastic changes have been done in gamelan sekaten because of its historical values. Javanese treats the instrument not as an ordinary instrument but a symbol associated with history, royal legitimacy and link to the past. No new pieces have been composed and the instruments have not been tuned ever since to preserve its originality, prevent distracting its venerability and diminishing symbolic potency (Spiller 70-72). Due to its status symbol and importance in history that can be traced many centuries ago, gamelan sekaten has. Banquet music is played to entertain. Korean banquet music is divided into three categories, the aak or Chinese ritual music, tangak, Koreanized Chinese ritual music and the hyangak or the Korean ritual music. According to Broughton et al. (p. 1 61) aak was the first to be introduced to Korea by Chinese in 1116 and has been modified and changed through the years. Contemporary aak originated from the reconstruction in 1430 with the use of written melodies dated back to twelfth century. Only two melodies have survived though the years and played only in Sacrifice to Confucius using Chinese originated ritual instruments. May states that (p.32) Tangak means music from the T’ang dynasty China, ak means Korean term for music. Tangak has only two orchestral pieces and hyangak pieces are originally created on fifteenth century to suit Korean royal ancestors. To this day hyangak pieces still exist that is still closely related to fifteenth century notations. Its purpose was to entertain the royal ruling class in informal form and subdivided into two, the chong-ak and sog-ak. Chong-ak is for the royal ruling class while sog-ak is for ordinary people. Court music includes ritual, banquet and military music. It consists of voice , musical and instrumental components. It usually starts in a slow pace and progresses into a cheerful dance pace until the end. Court music should be approved and accepted by the ruling class. In addition, the circumstance of its performance should also then be approved

Effective Study Skills Essay Example for Free

Effective Study Skills Essay Study is the devotion of time and attention to acquiring knowledge on an academic subject and the skills are the ability and capacity acquired through deliberate systematic and sustained effort. For some students the motivation and ability to study comes easily. However for those students for whom it does not it is necessary to develop effective study skills. The aims is to provide the sole foundation of a sound education. These are necessary for the student to realise their full potential and acquire good grades. Without these skills the student would not be aware of their ability to learn in the best way and to maximise this. She states: 1) It is essential to be rested (sleep affects performance) and to sit comfortably. A change of scenery stimulates the brain and helps creative thinking. 2) To be hydrated, drinking water helps the electrical connections of the brain. 3) To be unstressed. When stressed the brain only concentrates on ‘escape’ not on tasks in hand. 4) To enjoy.  5) To learn to see something several times, little and often works better than trying to understand something in one sitting. Cottrell points out that effective study skills are needed to facilitate time management and to meet deadlines. She states spare time must be used effectively to give relaxation time, to rest and enjoy oneself as well as independent study time. According to Cottrell it is essential to learn from one’s own mistakes and feedback which give a way to improve performance and above all else, not to give up. Time management is essential, not giving excessive time to favoured topics rather than those necessary. It is essential to stay on target, stay motivated and not to let things get on top of you, to stay in control and maintain the correct direction of the studies. General tips are to identify the task in hand and work out exactly what is being asked for, setting clear goals and staying focused towards them. To develop the meaning of the task or how things work makes taking in material, reading and retaining the subject matter easier. To find links with the wider world such as the internet and journals helps. Working with others can also help by sharing ideas and getting mutual help. Finally to look for reasonable

Crime And Intentional Tort Essay Example for Free

Crime And Intentional Tort Essay A crime is defined as â€Å"acts or omissions that are in violation of law† (Wests Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). The states and the federal government have enacted criminal laws that define each of the crimes and prescribe penalties in case of violation or commission (Wests Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). The two elements of a criminal offense are: â€Å"actus reus and mens rea; one is physical and the other, mental state† (Wests Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). Thus, â€Å"actus reus must be causally related to the mens rea for a crime to occur† meaning that the evil intention of the mind must coincide with the physical manifestation through the unlawful act (Wests Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). However, as an exception to this rule, the courts have in a line of judicial precedents ruled that in case of strict liability the person who may not be â€Å"at fault or negligent† shall be legally liable for damages to the injured party. The injured party will only have to prove that he sustained damages (Wests Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). Moreover, courts allowed liability on the basis of the actus reus alone as being sufficient (Wests Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). For instance, the employer is deemed liable for damages for the negligent acts of his employees while in the performance of their duties. Another example would be in the case of product liability where in the company is held liable for the injury sustained by a customer due to defective products. Crimes may be committed by natural and juridical persons. Natural persons are human beings while juridical persons are entities created by fiction of law deemed to be individuals capable of entering into contracts, owning and or possessing properties, enforcing rights and acquiring debts (Wests Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). A corporation therefore is a person. Corporations may be held liable for civil damages for the acts and conduct of the employees it employees. This liability is known as vicarious liability (Wests Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). Anent criminal liability, a corporation is not capable of committing a crime because it does not have a mind statelacking in â€Å"mens rea. † It is also a legal fiction and therefore, one cannot put it behind bars. The recent years however, showed a different trend from these arguments. Nowadays, an American corporation engaged in criminal activities such as fraud can be convicted when the criminal conduct of its employee or officer is proven. The federal government through the Deputy Attorney General cited the reasons for indicting corporations as being beneficial to public interests (Thompson, 2003). It â€Å"enables the government to address and be a force for positive change of corporate culture, alter corporate behavior, and prevent, discover, and punish white collar crime† (Thompson, 2003). The federal government not only prosecutes the corporation but also the officers or agents of the corporations who apparently are guilty and culpable. Two recent cases may be cited to illustrate this point. The prosecution of Ebbers where his former finance officer testified against him, resulted in at least a total of 85 years imprisonment consisting of â€Å"one count of conspiracy, one count of securities fraud and seven counts of false regulatory filings† (Associated Press, 2005). It was also discovered that manipulation on the books of accounting resulted in the amount of $ 11 billion (Associated Press, 2005). In another case, Reliant Energy Services, Inc. and four of its officers were criminally charged for â€Å"manipulation of the California energy markets† (U. S. DOJ web site, 2004). Thus, when there is corruption in a company, disrespect for the law, fails to see to it that internal mechanisms are in place to detect fraud and corruption and thereafter fails to cooperate in the investigation, the federal government vows to criminally prosecute the corporation (U. S.  DOJ web site, 2004). In both cases, the corporations involved were charged and prosecuted because of the pervasiveness of the violations such as when directed by upper management or when in conspiracy with the other officers of the corporation (U. S. DOJ web site, 2004). The rule of respondeat superior shall apply in case the violation is an isolated case as when committed by a single officer and with a compliance program being implemented by the corporation. The company can only act through its agents and officers, thus if an overwhelming majority have committed fraud or any criminal act, then such act is considered the act of the corporation—the mens rea being the mental state of the culpable officers and agents. This is penalized in accordance with the Sentencing Guidelines. In the two cases cited, the respective companies are guilty of a felony because the charges were of serious nature with an imprisonment of more than one year (Wests Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). Corporate crime can be a misdemeanor or a felony depending on the penalty attached by law for its commission.

The modern work ethic and orientation

The modern work ethic and orientation There are various types of works and with each type there is a different type of work orientation attached, for example in a regular manual labour one would not expect the worker to bring on high commitment to work as this worker will be working in order to meet ends with taking care of the family as his main goal. On the other hand in a skilled laboratory, for example, the scientist will be expected to work and bring along a good quality of work orientations so that the work goes on smoothly and the other research counterpart benefits due to a workers high quality work. Here the worker has the science related work as the main goal, and family and other criteria comes secondary. Initial studies have concentrated in generalising the work force and the work orientations they bring about at a work place. Though this was not very wrong at their times but in modern times this has changed as there is a lot of division in a similar type of work itself. For example, in a production company, there are people who are working at a manufacturing level, there are people who are working at RD level, and there are people who are working at business level. At the business level there are further divisions including HR, sales, marketing etc. At each level there are different types of orientations expected out of the worker. A skilled labourer working at a plant will have different expectations and future goals as compared to the big boss sitting at the executive level. The main issue here is that the old studies have concentrated on generalising the work orientations. In these new times there are new requirements to consider in order to make the work a better place which is beneficial for both the worker and the employee. Though we can learn a lot from old researches, newer studies are still required as the times have changed in a major ways. Therefore specific studies are required in order to understand what is beneficial for both. The meaning of work There are many definitions of work. In theology work can be the Karma or deed, in physics it happens when and where a certain amount of energy moves a body of specific weight through a specific distance and at the level of human labour it may involve employment or house work. In economic term labour is the amount of work done by humans and can include manual labour (which is the physical work done by someone or a group of people), waged labour (where a worker sells his labour and an employer buys it for hourly/pre-decided payment), or project management (where the main aim is to finish a task). Work is a social duty and contributes to social order in any society, it is also there to promote moral worth in the individual (Anthony 1977) The Ideology of Work (International Behavioural and Social Sciences Library), Even religion has paid emphasis to work like in Islam, work ethic argues that life without work has no meaning and engagement in economic activities is an obligation (Yousef 2001:153) even Buddha singled out laziness as a cause of downfall of men and nations and urged that everyone should put forth effort (Niles 1999:858). The basic reason for a person to work is for economic gains. Working to survive, to gain food, shelter, etc. a person wants to work to gain self- respect. But is it all about money? This is a question mostly asked to people who wants to associate career success to the amount of money they earn. Work is not always about money, this is because there are certain other terms involved including job satisfaction and career growth. Gallie, D and White, M (1993) Employee Commitment and the Skills Revolution, London: Policy Studies Institute. At the level of nations, every nation wants its people to work in order to contribute to the society. In certain countries it is an obligation where everyone must work to the best of their ability and contribute to society (Britain, Japan, USA) in others it is an entitlement where everyone has the right to a meaningful and interesting job with proper training (Netherlands, Belgium, Germany) [Status and type of job (Baruch, 2004)] The modern work ethic and introducing orientations to work According to Watson, work is the essential prerequisite of personal and social advancement and of self-fulfilment (Watson 1995:115). It is the meaning that working individuals attach to their work, which predisposes them to think and act in particular ways and with regard to work it is very important (Watson 2002). There are two types of works (Watson 1995), one which gives intrinsic satisfaction is enriching, provides any kind of a challenge, enables development and self-fulfilment, so here the work has an expressive meaning. On other hand, work which gives extrinsic satisfactions yields no value and is only a mean to meet the ends. Here, satisfaction or fulfilment is sought outside of work like in a hobby of some sort. Here the work has an instrumental meaning Work orientation  basically Refers to the ethics, expectations, and state of mind that any worker brings to an establishment. This topic has been of concern to many people. There have been studies which have revealed that work orientation influence the experience of job. Work orientation is related to motivation but is not motivation, it is associated with commitment but is not commitment. In the year 1960, studies were carried out in a car plant in Luton by Goldthorpe, Lockwood et al. Here he concluded his study with a paradox which was that workers were neither satisfied nor dis-satisfied with their work. They did not appear to be deriving any intrinsic or social satisfaction from job but did not express dissatisfaction with their work. [Goldthorpe J, Lockwood D, Bechhofer F and Platt J, 1968, The Affluent Worker: industrial attitudes and Behaviour, Cambridge Univ. Press.] Here he showed that an instrumental worker works to meet an end , has a calculative involvement, i.e. is not too indulgent or job oriented, and there is a clear separation within job and non-job related activities. Therefore the worker brought a only a limited amount of work orientation into the work organisation. Though in conclusion Goldthorpe says that the worker has a choice to leave the job and go elsewhere where he can have a better job satisfaction. This work by Goldthorpe has been criticized by many including Devine Grieco, Daniel Beynon and Blackburn. They said that all the work in industrial societies has an instrumental basis or nature, i.e. the worker joins the work knowing that this will be only to meet the end not to gain other things (Devine 1992; Grieco 1987). The instrumental worker does not have much choice as concluded by Goldthorpe (Beynon and Blackburn 1972) because either he is unskilled in other kind of work or he is limited in initial resources to start a work of a specific kind. Also Daniel said that Work orientation is not static (Daniel 1973). According to these critiques, Goldthorpe was overly simplistic with focus on money or as they said fulfilment because he chose a problematic group for managers to work upon, also he forgot to understand that manual labour was a lot more accessible to investigation which in the first place is not liked by workers who are doing this kind of job. Also his studies, did not had a control comparison with professionally orientation to work which includes qualifications, feeling of success, values placed on hard work, extent of control over destiny and feeling good about current job and attachment to organisation. His studies also did not include gender which is an important part to study at a society level because of many families now a days have both members working. Introducing gender There have been many studies done including by Hakim in which there is introduction of women and men at a same level in the work force and their studies. Since Goldthorpe et als study ignores gender, Hakims (1991) talks about women grateful slaves and self-made women and men and compare them. Hakims (1995) polarity thesis: work-centred women, home-centred women and drifters / Hakims (1998, 2001) preference theory He put forwards a preference theory in which there are 3 kinds of women; Work-centred women which constitutes of (25%) of the total population surveyed. These women were childless and were committed to work, investment in training, qualifications etc. His second group consisted of Home-centred women which constituted of 28% of the surveyed population who had family as their main priority. They did not prefer to work as they believed in qualifications as only for intellectual dowry. The third category of working women were adaptives which were a mix of both (47%) and combined a balance between raising children and reaching career goals despite of not totally being highly committed to career. According to them qualifications obtained for working was there to help them gain promotions etc. His work challenges the traditional feminist myths and shows that women were aware of individual differences (preferences). Though his work was survey based there were no dialogs with the women themselves (Procter and Padfield 1998; Caven 1999; Fagan 2001). He also assumed that orientation to work is static and predetermined (Fagan 2001). According to many critiques he Overemphasised choices and preferences and totally ignored structural and economic factors involved. Bringing men back in It is notable that there is in practice only one choice of work history for men, compared to three for women. Feminists who emphasise that womens choices are constrained and not completely free overlook the fact that women have more choices than men (Hakim 1996:134, But is this really the case? According to Nolan this is not the case as many men fits the adaptives category (Nolan, 2009). Fagan shows this by talking about how Mens commitment to work declines around time of childbirth (Fagan, 2001). Also Structural demands prevent men from spending time with family (Pleck, 1985) which makes them prefer to be adaptive rather than being totally work oriented. Work orientation and gender relation: Work orientation  basically Refers to the values, anticipations, and feelings that any worker brings to an organisation. This topic has been of interest to many people. There have been researches which have shown that work orientation effect the experience of job. Work orientation is Related to motivation but is not motivation, it is associated with commitment but ISNT commitment and it links with effort bargain and implicit contract Men mostly prefer to work in order to have a personal satisfaction and job related satisfaction i.e. their orientations to work are similar (Caven, 2009). More related research is needed in this area as this is a topic which integrates many other things including salary related rewards, career growth, time spent in job compared to time spent at home balance (Hakim, 2008; Raiden and Caven, forthcoming). There is also a need to show how and why a persons orientation towards a particular job or from a particular job changes. Conclusions The further research is indeed needed because initial studies have concentrated more upon general way of obtaining data. Also there has been a generalization of groups and initial researchers thinks that they can generalise people from all sorts of work in a specific category, this is not true as various types of jobs have their own requirements and faults which can attract a person or repel a person from that job, for example, a manual labour job given to a student during his time at the university will help him financially and keep him busy but the same job to the same student after his graduation will have no reason for the student to continue to work upon unless he is not getting a job in his specified field. Also original studies focussed on men and manufacturing and from that time there has been a lot of changes in the types of jobs available in the market today, there are jobs in various kinds of fields including science, arts, skilled labour, etc, also there have been sub division of work and thus there are different requirements at different levels. Further research in required to find out different orientations to work and the specified areas related to different aspects of work. Just like there are various definitions of work, there are many types of works done in a society. When a worker goes to an office there are certain things accepted out of him like work ethics, good practice, better outcome at highest level of quality, similarly the worker also expects certain things out of the employee.

Medieval Sourcebook: Bede: Conversion of England :: European History Essays

Medieval Sourcebook: Bede: Conversion of England The Arrival in Kent of the missionaries sent By Gregory the Great (597) In the year of our Lord 582, Maurice, the fifty-fourth emperor from Augustus, ascended the throne and reigned twenty-one years. In the tenth year of his reign, Gregory, a man renowned for learning and behavior, was promoted to the apostolic see of Rome,' and presided over it thirteen years, six months, and ten days. He, being moved by divine inspiration, about the one hundred and fiftieth year after the coming of the English into Britain, sent the servant of God, Augustine, and with him several other monks who feared the Lord, to preach the word of God to the English nation. . . . [Augustine, with his companions, arrived in Britain.]. The powerful Ethelbert was at that time king of Kent; he had extended his dominions as far as the great river Humber, by which the southern Saxons are divided from the northern. On the east of Kent is the large Isle of Thanet, containing, according to the English way of reckoning, six hundred families, and divided from the other land by the river Wantsum, which is about three furlongs across and fordable only in two places, for both ends of it run into the sea. In this island landed the servant of our Lord, Augustine, and his companions, being, as is reported, nearly forty men. They had, by order of the blessed Pope Gregory, brought interpreters of the nation of the Franks, and sending to Ethelbert, signified that they were come from Rome, and brought a joyful message, which most undoubtedly assured to all that took advantage of it everlasting joys in heaven, and a kingdom that would never end with the living and true God. The king, having heard this, ordered them to stay in that island where they had landed and that they should be furnished with all necessaries till he should consider what to do with them. For he had heard of the Christian religion, having a Christian wife, of the royal family of the Franks, called Bertha, whom he had received from her parents upon condition that she should be permitted to practice her religion with the bishop, Luidhard, who was sent with her to preserve the faith. Some days later the king came into the island and, sitting in the open air, ordered Augustine and his companions to be brought into his presence.

America Must Provide Foreign Aid to Poor Countries Essay examples --

America Must Provide Aid to Poor Countries         Ã‚  Ã‚  Eliam Diamond lives on the shores of Lake Malawi.   Diamond is a weaver, making mats out of dried palm leaves.   A six-foot sleeping mat takes him four days to make and sells for as little as four cents, not enough to buy what little food there is in Malawi.   So he relies on handouts.   A few days ago, Diamond picked up his monthly ration of donated U.S. corn from the World Food Programme (WFP) at the Ngodzi distribution center near his village, carrying home the 110-pound bags tied to his bicycle (Harman).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Malawi is one of six southern African countries - along with Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, and Swaziland - in which 14.5 million people face severe food shortages.   The spread of famine on the entire African continent now threatens well over 30 million people and is overwhelming the capacity of relief agencies to address the problem.   Floods last year followed by poor rains across the region caused two successive years of poor harvests.   Director General of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Jacques Diouf expresses the tragedy that this situation could be reversible: "Wed on not have the excuse that we cannot grow enough or that we do not know enough about how to eliminate hunger."   He notes that a public investment of $24 billion a year - less than ten percents of what developed economies spend on agricultural subsides per year - would be sufficient to "jump start" a campaign against hunger (Caso n).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The increasing rates of poverty in Africa, south Asia, and Eastern Europe, and the fact that we could indeed give more to the poor "without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral significance... ... as Southern Africa seeks food."   Christian Science Monitor.   13 Nov. 2002: 12-13.   <http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/1113/p12s01-woaf.html> * "Income Distribution and Poverty."   <http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/pover.pdf> * "The effects of poverty on early childhood."   UNICEF's State of the World's Children Report. http://www.unicef.org/sowc01/short_version/poverty.htm * "The Singer Solution to World Poverty."   5 Sept. 1999.   The New York Times.   <http://www.fordham.edu/economics/combs/savechild.pdf>   * Singer, Peter.   Practical Ethics: Second Edition.   New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993. * World Bank.   World Development Report 2002. <http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/wdrpoverty/report/overview.pdf> * "World Aid Trends: never richer, never meaner."   <http://www.devinit.org/ktrends.pdf>   

Outline for Quiz

Ideology operates mainly at the level of connotations, the secondary, often unconscious meaning that texts and practices carry, or can be made to carry. D. Ideology is encountered in the practices of everyday life and not simply in certain ideas about everyday life. Question 3 of 20 Which of the following is NOT one of the definitions of popular culture. Popular culture is: A. The culture that is left over after we have decided what is high culture B. An authentic culture that originates from the people' C.A site of struggle between the ‘resistance' of subordinate groups and the forces of incorporation operating in the interests of dominant groups. D. A culture which emerged during feudalism Answer Key: D Question 4 of 20 Which of the following is NOT one of the purposes of the Storey (2009) book? A. Let is about the theorizing that has brought us to our present stage of thinking on popular culture B. Let is about exploring the historically fixed set of popular texts and practi ces that are the objects of popular culture C.It is about how the changing terrain of popular culture has been explored and mapped by different cultural theorists and different theoretical approaches. D. Let is about introducing readers to he different ways in which popular culture has been analyzed and the different popular cultures that have been articulated as a result. Question 5 of 20 Which of the following statements is NOT culture from the perspective culture and civilization tradition of Matthew Arnold? Culture is A. The ability to know what is best B. What is best C. The mental and physical application of what is best D.The pursuit of what is Answer Key: C Question 6 of 20 According to Matthew Arnold, the social function of culture is to: A. Police the disruptive presence of the raw and uncultivated masses. B. Provide an all- encompassing pattern for living C. The material and monetarily attributes necessary for people to carry out a collective life D. Challenge cultural an d social authority Answer Key: A Question 7 of 20 According to the culture and civilization tradition, which of the following is NOT one of the purposes of education in terms of culture? A. To civilize the working class for subordination, deference and exploitation B.To prepare the middle-class children to the cultural power that is to be theirs C. Training to resist the influence of mass D. To develop skills in cultural relativism and the pluralistic approach to cultural meaning. Question 8 of 20 According to the Alleviates, which of the following was NOT a cause or symptom of the cultural decline: A. Advent of Industrial Revolution B. Rise of Mass Democracy C. Advertising and how it is consumed D. Unquestioning assent to authority Question 9 of 20 Which of the following is a point in the mass culture debate? A.The majority choose second- and third-rate cultural texts and practices instead of the texts and practices of high culture B. Popular culture serves a benign function for so cializing people into the pleasures of consumption in the new capitalist-consumerist society C. Without high culture, America is under threat from Graham's Law of culture. D. III of these options are correct. Question 10 of 20 Which of the following is NOT one of the assumptions that the culture and civilization tradition sought to confirm? A. Cultural decline B. Cultural difference C. The need for cultural relativity D. He need for cultural deference Question 11 of 20 According to Grandstand, â€Å"textual analysis† is a strand of interpretative work that includes the study of A. Media genres B. Narrative analysis C. Scholarship on â€Å"the politics of representation† D. All of the above Question 12 of 20 Grandstand claims that most of the new and interesting work on popular culture is being done A. By cultural sociologists B. Outside sociology C. In anthropology D. By the Frankfurt School Question 13 of 20 According to Grandstand, drawing on the theory of hegemony d eveloped by Antonio Grammas, cultural studies A. O not produce important work on popular culture B. Seem to be too close to its British roots to explain the phenomenon of global culture C. Have not been very influential at American universities D. Placed meaning, ideology, and power relations at the center of theorizing Question 14 of 20 According to Grandstand (2008), the challenge of defining popular culture results from A. The existence of too many cultural forms B. Different ways that scholars conceptualized it for analysis C. The postmodern condition D.None of the above Question 15 of 20 Grandstand (2008) claims that different definitions of culture clearly embody A. Different assumptions and political orientations about popular culture B. Particular scholar's preferences for specific cultural forms C. The different socioeconomic backgrounds of scholars D. III of the above Question 16 of 20 Production of culture† perspective refers to A. The Marxist perspective B. Debates about how to interpret culture C. The empirical study of culture-producing organizations within specific institutional contexts D.None of the above Question 17 of 20 According to Grandstand (2008), the majority of contemporary pop culture scholarship is tied to the media, especially television, due to A. The proliferation of media technologies B. The expansion of media systems in the U. S. And abroad C. The increasing connectedness of the media to other cultural pursuits D. III of the above Question 18 of 20 The â€Å"embedded consumption† refers to A. The blurring of boundaries between consumer and consumed in the use of new media B. Marxist view of the relationship between culture and capitalism C. He excessive use of new media technologies D. The dangers in using the new media technologies Question 19 of 20 According to Grandstand (2008), the positive aspect(s) of today's cosmopolitan consumer culture is (are) that it A. Is not bound by old hierarchies of status and disti nction B. Creates a great deal of cultural choice due to the use of new technologies C. Is highly participatory Question 20 of 20 The negative aspect(s) of the today's cosmopolitan consumer culture is (are) A. The growing consolidation of media/ entertainment industries and monopolizing of popular culture B. Globalization of culture C. TTS elitism Which of the following does Cultural stress? A. Structure B. The popular C. Human agency D. Education Which of the following theorists identified that there was a ‘good' popular culture of the working class in the sass? A. Hall and Handle B. Haggard C. Thompson D. Williams Which of the following theorists provided the basis of Cultural by identifying a social definition of culture as a particular way of life? A. Hall and Handle C. Leaves Which of the following theorists identified class as a historical phenomenon and provided an approach to culture that included a history from below?A. Hall and Handle Which of the following theorists developed a category for ‘good' popular culture? A. Hall and Handle Which of the following is NOT a level of culture identified by Williams? A. Lived B. Recorded culture C. Culture of selective tradition D. Mass culture The ability individuals have to be active in their own choices, and to make choices ND act in a way that can change structure/society, refers to: A. Organization B. Human agency C. Mass culture D. Youth culture Which of the following statements about Cultural is NOT true? A.There is an assumption about cultural decline B. There are different types of culture, and they should all be studied C. There is a fundamental difference of value between high culture and popular culture. D. III popular culture is bad. Which of the following theorists found they needed to alter their theoretical approach when youth culture was taken into account? A. Hall and Handle Which of the following theorists based their analyses on a desire for a democratic account of culture, and ba sed their solution to the culture crisis on a desire for a common culture? A.Hall and Handle According to Barnett and Allen (2000), the following form of culture has been largely ignored from the study of the relationship between popular culture and social class A. Music B. New media C. Film D. Fashion The study by Barnett and Allen (2000) compares A. The members of different ethnic and racial groups in terms of their film-viewing B. Members of the upper-middle class and members of the lower- raciest middle class in terms of their filigreeing practices C. Men and women in terms of their film-viewing practices D. III of the above The study by Barnett and Allen (2000) finds that members of the upper-middle class A. Eave viewed more films of all types than lower-middle class members B. Have viewed more art films than the lower-middle class members C. Have viewed more films on videocassette than members of the lower-middle class D. III of the above Katz-Egger (1999) finds that one of th e main determinants of leisure-time patterns and music preferences is A. Race B. Education C. Gender D. Class According to Katz-Egger (1999), various studies show African Americans and white Americans participate in the arts at similar rates and that the effects of race on highbrow culture participation are weaker than A. Ender B. Income C. Place of residence Lopes (2006) argues that comic books have been A. Considered an important form of popular culture in the U. S. B. Have been stigmatize as a form of culture since their introduction in mid-sass C. Have been considered a form of high culture outside the U. S. D. None of the above According to Lopes (2006), low status and stigma are related but differ in distinct says as social phenomena, in such a way that a popular cultural form A. Could have low status but not be stigmatize (e. G. Country music) B. Could have low status and be stigmatize (e. . Rap music) C. That has low status results more negative social effects than a cultura l form that has been stigmatize D. Only A and B Lopes (2006), argues that stigma, as far as a cultural form is concerned, A. Can attach to various social objects, including both forms and practitioners B. Can be global or more specific to genres, styles or social roles C. Stigma usually implies potential harm or pathology . 0 points 1 D. Only B and 24 Answer Key: D 24 Question 20 of 2025 Mikhail (1997) claims that the Museum of Modern Art's activities on behalf of animation A. Ere insufficient B. Illuminate larger questions about cultural value C. Carefully balanced an elitist disdain for mass culture against belief that popular entertainment should be preserved and disseminated as art 1. 0 Points According to Mikhail (1997), art museums fulfill the following role(s) A. Preserve precious objects B. Educate the public C. Set standards by which objects are considered â€Å"art† Question 1 of 20 1. 0 Points Altimeter's key contribution to the study of popular culture was focused on theories related to: A. Mass culture B. Base/Superstructure relationships C.Hegemony D. Ideology In popular culture studies, ‘organic intellectuals' refer to: B. Collectives C. Superstructure D. Youth A. Longitudinal Which approach to the study of popular culture sees popular culture as the negotiation between dominant and subordinate cultures, a language marked by both resistance and incorporation? A. Cultural B. Culture and Civilization Tradition C. Frankfurt School D. Hegemony Which approach to the study of popular culture sees popular culture as a threat to social standards, debilitating the working class, and maintaining social authority?

Loss of Freedom Through Apathy

We do have freedom in this country but we simply choose to ignore it. We live in a democracy, the most just kind of government, where we the people hold supreme power. It is an institution that is a culmination of revolutions, wars, philosophies and heroes. It is the greatest and proudest government in the world. One reason for this is that Americans have a right citizens of Iraq and China and North Korea only dreamed they could have. It took one of the greatest military epics in history for our Founding Fathers to receive this right. It took the marching of thousands for women to achieve this right. It took 400 years of abuse for blacks to finally to win this right. It is the highest and purest form of freedom of speech and as Americans it is our single most powerful instrument of self government. It is the American vote and in this Presidential election it is a right 250 million chose to ignore. This year I had the great opportunity to volunteer my services to the Democratic party. I was excited to work for the Democrats because it was my first ever experience involved with the election. For 17 years I stood as a common bystander to this great American tradition. Volunteering my hours made me feel ike I was part of something important. Mostly my work consisted of random polling. I would call people up between the hours of 7 and 9 P. M. and ask them a few questions about the election. With every call I hoped for the best, but it seemed that I was calling people at the time they were most irritable. Most would simply hang up, leaving with a polite â€Å"Oh, I’m not interested. † Others acted militantly to my calling, slamming the phone in disgust. It startled and in a way disheartened me, the way many of the people I polled seemed totally apathetic to the political world around us. To me, spending a minute answering questions about the future of politics did not seem like too much to ask at all. Yet it continued. â€Å"Hello I’m calling on behalf of your congressman Bob Toricelli. I’d like to ask a few questions. † â€Å"I’m sorry I’m really busy right now. I can’t talk. † *click â€Å"Hello I’m calling on behalf of your congressman Bob Toricelli. I’d like to ask a few questions. † â€Å"Not interested† *click â€Å"Hello I’m calling on behalf of your congressman Bob Toricelli. I’d like to ask a few questions. † â€Å"I’m tired of hearing about this election. † *click If I was calling from a telephone company or some other corporate monster disturbing people with their propaganda, I could understand how their sheer rudeness could be justified. But I am not calling on behalf of some annoying telemarketing scheme. I am an eager high school student with a fresh infatuation with politics. I am polling people about the leader of tomorrow, who will directly affect the taxes they spend, the wars they go into, and the moral values that they seem to hold so dear. To take a minute did not seem like a lot. In this past election over 52% of the population eligible to vote did not. Many don’t find anything particularly wrong with this. Their logic being that half of the nation voting would be just as effective as the entire nation. The problem with this reasoning is that some groups in America vote in larger numbers than other groups. Take for example the elderly in this country. It has been well documented that senior citizens above 60 have the highest voter turn-out of any age group in this country. Both Presidential candidates this year have appealed strongly for medical reforms with this group especially in mind. For Politicians this is the roup that can make or break their election hopes. They will do whatever it takes to please this group, even if it means stepping all over another group to please them. In contrast the age bracket with the lowest voter turn-out are new voters between 20 and 29. This â€Å"X† generation of voters will have their rap music censored for being too explicit and their action films for being too violent. The Internet that this generation seems to embrace so dearly will be censored by the telecommunications bill and its television programming will include little ratings on the top left of their screens. Politicians will have no problem abusing the rights of this Generation X because simply put, they don’t go our and vote. In this way the government pays more attention to the elderly as compared to the young. They will care more about the trials and tribulations of the rich and middle-class rather than the suffering of the poor. They will support the N. R. A. with it s sinful operations because yes, each and every one of their 2. 5 million members vote. The vote determines who has the power in this country. It is not necessarily the majority. It is those who are dedicated. America is the land of the free. Too many Americans take this for granted. We are not a monarchy. We are not a communism. We are not a dictatorship. We are a democracy and the people have the control. We are different from all the other types of government because the voices that govern us are our own. But when 250 million do not vote, who has the right to say that we control ourselves? When half chooses to hold their mouths, who is to say that we are not a nation of special interests who do not hold their mouths? We have freedom, but it is apathy that is taking it away from us. We have that control we simply don’t use it.

John Adams Defends the Red Coats

Although John Adams defended the British redcoats at the end of 1770, the Boston Massacre actually happened March 5, 1770. Furthermore, events that led to the culmination of that night dated back to 1767 (Timeline). Many factors went into the decision, by John Adams, to defend the British soldiers. The atmosphere of the times dictated much of that evening and of that trial. For the time it was a radical thing for a man such as John Adams to defend the British troops, however his respect of the law led to his defense of the British troops.John Adams was right in defending the redcoat in the Boston Massacre trial because he saw the actions of the redcoats as nothing more than men defending their lives. In 1767, with the passing of the Townshend Acts, the civilians began their resentment towards the British Parliament as well as the British troops stationed in Boston. The Townshend Acts were a series of Acts passed by congress on June 29, 1767 to increase taxes of commonly imported prod ucts on the Colonies.Having new taxes imposed by the British as well as their military presence in Boston angered the civilians. During this time John Adams was a local lawyer in Boston working case to case (Miller Center). In late 1768 more British troops came to reestablish order in Boston per order of the Crown. The climate of this time was a hostile one on the part of the civilians. â€Å"The civilians reacted to the redcoats like they were invaders by taunting them through name calling, spitting, and fighting† (Timeline). By the time March 5, 1770 occurred, an incident had been bound to happen.With the distress of the townspeople and the presence of British soldiers, a disaster like this was waiting to happen. When the dust settled, and the day was done, 5 civilians were killed at the hands of the redcoats. John Adams, a local lawyer in the Boston area and graduate of Harvard, defended in court the men accused of the Boston Massacre. With all of the social pressure, livi ng in Boston, it would have been easy to give up but John Adams saw the law for what the law was. He did not look at it as redcoat against Boston, but as man against man.In his closing argument for the defense of the British soldiers he questioned the jury; â€Å"Would it have been a prudent resolution in them, or in any body in their situation, to have stood still, to see if the sailors would knock their brains out, or not? † (Miss, 5). As a defense lawyer it is their responsibility to make a case for the accused party as reasonable doubt. With that quote John Adams did just that. He posed a question to the jury basically saying â€Å"what were they supposed to do, roll over and die? † He saw the redcoats’ behavior as defense.The entire time the British troops had been stationed in Boston they had not once had an incident such as the Boston Massacre; the only time they opened fire on the Bostonians was when the civilians came at them in a combative manner. John Adams had every right to defend the redcoats with the plausible â€Å"it was in self defense† defense. He was a Harvard Law graduate with a law firm to run and clients he believed were only acting in self defense. His action to defend the redcoats was the just thing to do. The British soldiers were put in a position where there were either going to die or they were going to fight back.The redcoats’ job was to be soldiers for the Crown. The Crown implemented more troops in Boston on October 1, 1768 to reestablish order in that area of the country. At that time the people of Boston were growing increasingly hostile and combative. By the time the Boston Massacre had occurred there was much history between the redcoats and the civilians of Boston. John Adams knew that history and did not choose sides based on loyalty. He interpreted the situation as a â€Å"do or die† situation on the part of the soldiers and defended them as such. He used his knowledge of the law in his closing statement for the defense of the redcoats.Ultimately his position on the Boston Massacre impacted the lives of the British soldiers in a positive way. His actions were noble because he pushed aside his personal history with the city and defended his clients according to the law rather than letting the atmosphere of Boston dictate his defense and his closing argument. Works Cited â€Å"American President: A Reference Resource. † Miller Center. University of Virginia. Web. 30 Oct 2012. . â€Å"Historic Timeline. † Boston Massacre Historical Society. Boston Massacre Historical Society, n. d. Web. 30 Oct 2012. . Miss, Angela. Boston Massacre Defense. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2012. 4-5. Print.

Daniel X: Demons and Druids

Daniel X: Demons and Druids Over two hundred thirty million copies of the Daniel X series have been sold worldwide. The author James Patterson wrote Daniel X: Demons and Druids in collaboration with Adam Sadler. The publishing date is July 2010. In the book, Daniel X is an alien hunter who is looking for number three on his alien list of outlaws, Phosphorius Beta. â€Å"Think of a million or so angry wolves-on fire, that’s a pretty good approximation of number three†, well that’s how Patterson puts it. The epic battle between alien hunter and fire has begun.I enjoyed Daniel X because of the author’s action and how he weaves myths and fiction into the story, but I disliked Patterson’s writing style and several other points of the book. James Patterson’s novels are known for full on action, and adrenalin. An example of action and adrenalin is when Daniel X is caught by alien number forty-three on the alien list of outlaws; he turns back time an d explodes number forty-three with a bomb. This is pure action because Daniel puts his life on the line to fulfill his mission to kill aliens.Another example of action and adrenalin is when Daniel X and his friends are get caught by vampirus sapiens. In the example of action and adrenalin, the action takes place when he transforms, but the adrenalin kicks in when the vampirus sapien loosened his grip on Daniel X’s hands. James Patterson excels at making abnormal events seem normal or regular. I liked how James Patterson placed Merlin the sorcerer and Arthur Pendragon in the story, and how he made Stonehenge, merely a monument a big part in his story. It is ironic that Patterson weaved Stonehenge, merlin, and druids together.When I think of druids I think of aliens or demons. Stories, Myths, and books say that druids built Stonehenge, but there isn’t any evidence that proves that they did. Druids are actually high priests of the Celts. The only reason why people believe that they built it is because they were alive during that time. Yet legend has it that merlin built Stonehenge. Merlin brought the stones to Salisbury Plain from Ireland. Sometime later there was a massacre of three hundred noble men and a memorial was needed. Merlin then moved Stonehenge to Britain to bury them.However in the book Merlin and his mentor help a group of people build Stonehenge. Even though James Patterson is a genius when it comes to Science fiction he still needs to work on writing his books. Even through James Patterson is a great author, I don’t always enjoy his books. Two things I didn’t like about the book, was that Patterson didn’t introduce well in the beginning and that he made the chapters too small. I expected him to explain Daniel X‘s history in the prologue so that the readers could understand things about his background and understand what he’s been through.Since, Patterson made the chapters in his book so small it real ly takes time to make or figure out what’s going to happen. If Patterson had made the chapters longer he would have had wasted less time trying to make a point, but the only difference would be that the book would be smaller. Patterson introduces Daniel X’s history in chapter nine; all the chapters in the book are small and even the epilogue has a small chapter. I loved the book because of all the action and adrenalin that James Patterson put in it, and the abnormal or irregular events that occurs , but I disliked the introduction and Patterson’s idea of short chapters.I enjoyed Daniel X because of the author’s action and how he weaves myths and fiction into the story, but I disliked Patterson’s writing style and several other points of the book. I’d recommend this book to preteens, I would give this book a three out of five, but if you are not satisfied, there are several other series that James Patterson has made. For example Maximum Ride, Witch and Wizard, Alex Cross and the Women’s murder club, and the rest of the Daniel X series.

An agreement arises from offer and acceptance

An agreement arises from offer and acceptance Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Law Essay Writing Service . You can view samples of our professional work here . An agreement arises from offer and acceptance PART B ‘A contract is based on agreement, which arises from offer and acceptance. One person makes an offer; another person accepts that offer. When that has happened, and provided that the other necessary factors, consideration and intention to contract, are present there is a contract. , A contract is an agreement supported by consideration made between two or more individuals with the intent to create legal relations and is not illegal or unenforceable under the law. An agreement is the net result of mutual promises. An agreement is said to come into existence when an offer made by the offeror is accepted by the offeree. Offer The offer may be made to one person, or to a group of persons, or to the public at large; it may be made expressly or by conduct. An offer is an expression of willingness to contract on specified terms , made with the intention that it is to become binding as soon as it is accepted by the person to whom it is addressed pg 8 g.h treitel Essential elements to an offer: The offeror must objectively intend to be bound with to further negotiation, by a simple acceptance of his terms.thus ther is no offer where the owner of a house, in response to an enquiry from a person who wishes to buy it, states the prices at which he might be prepared to sell. The terms of the offer must be definite or reasonably certain. The offer must be communicated to the offeree. Offer distinguished from invitation of treat. It is necessary to distinguish an offer from an invitation to treat . the importance of the distinguish is that, if an offer is made and accepted , the offeror is bound ; on the other hand , if what the offeror said or did does not amount to an offer, the other person cannot create a contract by accepting it. The process leading to an agreement may be long. It may consist of requests for information, statements made to encourage interest and the like . when the negotiations have reached the point where one the parties has made it clear that he is willing to contract on specific terms that need no futher elaboration or clarification , and all that is required is acceptance by the other party , at the stage it can be said that an offer has been made . in Gibson v MANCHESTER CITY COUNCIL (1979). HL) Acceptance Assuming that an offer has been made, a contract comes into existence when the offer is accepted. To accept an offer, the offeree must indicate his assent to the terms of the offer. He may do this either expressly (by words of acceptance) or by conduct. An ‘acknowledgement’ of an offer does not amount to an acceptance if it amounts merely to a confirmation that the offer has been received ; but it can amount to an acceptance if by its terms or in a particular context (e.g. in website trading ) it means that the person making it has agreed to the terms of the offer. Pg 10 paper

The Customer Service Perspective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Customer Service Perspective - Essay Example The SMEs hardly keep in align to these policy and it becomes difficult in applying the balance scorecard technique. But in larger enterprises it is not that difficult. There is larger number of employees, customers are well defined and they have a strong financial stability. Hyde Park Electronics focused upon one product category that provides the maximum of 80% of the sales. This company’s financial position is strong enough but from the point of view of BSC, the focus was only for short term and the company was required to develop strategy for the longer term purpose. Futura Industries is dealing with the high end niche variety of market. Southern Gardens Citrus is the subsidiary company of United States Sugar Corporation and competes in a consolidated market for not-from-concentrate (NFC) orange juice. The company was financially strong as it had a strong customer base. The sales were huge from the single product category. The BSC tool provided the opportunity for the company to grow. Apart from this perspective, the company focused upon learning and growing with quality and other issues for long run benefit (Robert, 2006). The company focused upon the retention of the talents to help growing in future. There were turnovers, more so a culture was developed and BSC provided the learning and growing technique to be better in achieving the objectives. As per the study of the three companies it seems that they have focused it basically upon customer. Looking at the Hyde Park Electronics and Southern Gardens Citrus it basically focused keeping the customer in the core. The application of BSC in the companies helped in maintaining the objectives and mission of the company. The overall performance of the companies has enhanced in different aspects. From the customers’ perspective the BSC have provided for the improvement in the companies. The implementation was done primarily on the basis of customers, which led to the success of the companies. For

The Process of Successful Selling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Process of Successful Selling - Essay Example Knowing about a product means knowing the strength of the product as well as flaws of the product. There are different types of customer who would come to a seller. Some of the customers will be aware of the product completely while others may be new and very cynical. It is the acquired skill of a seller to sell the product to the older customer in a complete newer way that they stay attracted towards the product for longer periods (Schiffman). For the purpose of selling a product to a new and cynical customer, it is recommended that the seller use the metaphors to compare product with other products of the market and highlight the significance of product. A seller needs to be very clever in this regard. Being a clever seller means, being informed about the marketing strategies and newer intervention in the product range (Schiffman). A successful seller can also be regarded as a squirrel who knows which nut is worth saving and which one to discard. A successful seller exactly knows which customer is a potential buyer. If a seller learns the art to weed out customers who are not worth enough for the product sell, then a seller will automatically turn into a successful seller. Need of a product would simultaneously gets increased with the effective marketing and campaigns that would be used for the sale of products and goods. The marketing campaigns such as APPLE’s strategic marketing campaigns are considered to be one of the world’s brilliant marketing campaigns. It is due to the active selling and marketing techniques that add value to a consumer good or product (Schiffman). A successful seller is supposed to be loaded with the tool kit of effective selling of his or her products for sale. The tool kit or in other words, the components that are required for the preparation of effective selling of products include prospects, techniques, conditions and final transit. By prospects of product, it simply means that a

Religious Perspectives in Nation Building Essay

Religious Perspectives in Nation Building - Essay Example Benjamin Franklin is considered as one of the founding fathers of the United States of America. He is credited as foundational to the roots of American values and character, which combines the practical and democratic Puritan values of thrift, hard work, education, community spirit, self-governing institutions, and opposition to authoritarianism both political and religious, with the scientific and tolerant values of the Enlightenment (Isaacson p. 491). Thomas Jefferson is the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and became the third president of the United States in 1801. He is considered as one of the most influential founding fathers with his espousing the ideals of republicanism (Wiki). William Bradford was already committed to the radical idea of the separatist movement since the age of 17 (Kelso). "The one side [the Reformers] laboured to have ye right worship of God & discipline of Christ established in ye church, according to ye simplicitie of ye gospell, without the mixture of mens inventions, and to have & to be ruled by ye laws of Gods word, dispensed in those offices, & by those officers of Pastors, Teachers, & Elders, &c. according to ye Scripturs. The other partie [the Church of England], though under many colours & pretences, endevored to have ye episcopall dignitie (affter ye popish maner) with their large power & jurisdiction still retained; with all those courts, cannons, & ceremonies, togeather with all such livings, revenues, & subordinate officers, with other such means as formerly upheld their antichristian greatnes, and enabled them with lordly & tyranous power to persecute ye poore servants of God" (Bradford). John Carver, a deacon of the separa tist congregation and one of the prime organizers of the Mayflower voyage was very influential in Bradford's religious beliefs. Bradford also succeeded Carver as the governor of the Plymouth colony when the latter died (Kelso). Benjamin Franklin was an important conservative figure in the American restoration movement, which sought to renew the entire Christian church based on the New Testament and disregarding the creeds of Catholicism, Orthodoxy, or Reformed Protestantism, which allegedly divided Christianity (Wiki). "I never doubted, for instance, the existence of the Deity; that he made the world, and govern'd it by his Providence; that the most acceptable service of God was the doing good to man; that our souls are immortal; and that all crime will be punished, and virtue rewarded, either here or hereafter. These I esteem'd the essentials of every religion; and, being to be found in all the religions we had in our country, I respected them all, tho' with different degrees of respect, as I found them more or less mix'd with other articles, which, without any tendency to inspire, promote, or confirm morality, serv'd principally to divide us, and make us unfriendly to one another" (Franklin). Samuel Roge rs, noted Restoration movement preacher and elder moved to the community of the Franklin family and became influential in Benjamin Franklin's religious perspectives. Franklin, himself began preaching after Rogers' arrival, as well as began publishing religious publications such as the Reformer, Christian Age and

Alzheimer's Disease Patient and Social Theory Essay

Alzheimer's Disease Patient and Social Theory - Essay Example The key points of this analysis are the medical background and history of the patient, the psychological and sociological factors affecting her and her health, and finally how the patient and those psychological and sociological factors fit into a larger theoretical and policy framework. About the Patient In the interests of maintaining confidentiality and respecting patient privacy, I will be referring to this patient as Mrs. X. Due to her rapidly deteriorating mental and physical condition, Mrs. X's residential care home was no longer capable of providing the nursing services she required, and she was subsequently transferred into the mental health ward. Mrs. X has vascular dementia or Alzheimer's disease and has been declared legally incompetent to make her own medical decisions. In addition, she is prone to mild absence seizures, causing disorientation and occasional falls, though they do not induce unconsciousness. She is receiving phenytoin to treat the seizures. Mrs. X's behavioural issues have progressively worsened to the point that she requires full care and constant monitoring. She will wander the halls of the ward at night screaming. Her husband believes that many of her mental issues are related to her lack of sleep, which does make her agitated and irritable during the day. She has difficulty communicating her needs, as she is completely non-verbal. This factor alone is greatly complicating her nursing care. Other complicating factors in Mrs. X's care are her dislike for the staff to attempt personal hygiene or care needs, and her refusal to comply with treatment regimens. For example, she was found to be refusing her medication by hiding pills in her mouth, and had to be switched to liquid suspensions. Psychological and Sociological Factors It is difficult to assess Mrs. X's psychological condition exactly, due to her dementia and non-verbal state; however, it is safe to say that she is clearly unhappy with the current situation. Th is is a concern, as a patient's psychological state is often directly related to their ability to heal when hurt or to keep themselves healthy in the first place (Gross, 2007). Even on the first layer of the Whitehead-Dahlgren model of psychological influences, her physical state of being, most effects on Mrs. X are strongly negative (Marks & Evans, 2005). She often seems unaware of her surroundings, becoming lost within the building, which is a traumatising event for her. This most often occurs at night when she wanders. Her sleeplessness is due to severe insomnia, a condition that further damages her poor psychological state. She is helpless to do anything for herself, unable even to eat, drink, or use the toilet without help. Even in her mentally compromised state, this level of dependence on others causes her a significant amount of distress. This is evidenced by her dislike mentioned earlier for staff members trying to attend to her personal care. She is in pain due to arthriti s and frequent constipation, which also negatively impacts her psychological well-being. On the second layer and third layers, her lifestyle factors and social networks, the situation is equally as poor (Marks & Evans, 2005). She upsets the other patients by screaming and yelling, with the result that she has very little positive social contact with them. She

Assignment#2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

#2 - Assignment Example An example is the brown eyes allele that is dominant over blue eye allele. An individual with both blue and brown eyes alleles would have brown eyes. The term describes an organism that has two different alleles for a certain trait at a specific locus. The two alleles are represented with the lower and upper case of the same letter. A good example is a plant with a pair of alleles that determine whether it would have smooth or serrated margin. The pair would be written as (Ss) to denote the different genetic information carried. This is the genetic make-up of an organism that describes the genetic information contained by alleles in the cells of the organism. A good example is a gene that would define an individual as vulnerable to a particular disease. The principle asserts that, allele pairs representing a certain trait in an organism separate during the formation of gametes and randomly unites after the process of fertilization. This is as based on the following proponents; a particular gene can exist in different forms, new organisms inherit a pair of alleles for each trait from parents, and meiosis result to cells where each acquire a single allele for a given trait. A pair of different alleles results to dominant and recessive alleles that are expressed differently phenotypically. A typical question is the color of seeds in peas. Formations of gametes lead to separation of alleles that determine color in the seeds. They randomly unite during fertilization. Seed color in the peas become a question of which allele is dominant; either the green color allele or yellow color allele. Yellow color allele is dominant over green color allele. Presence of both alleles in a pea results to yellow pees. (YY) and (Yy) genotypes result to y ellow seeds. (yy) genotype results to green peas. The principle states that, for genes located on different chromosomes,